Table 2.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Well-being, Living Situations, Medications, and Health Care: Overall and by Rural/Urban Residence
| Overall (N = 49 695) | Rural Residence (N = 3 923) | Urban Residence (N = 45 640) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | p Value | |
| Current level of well-being | .6576 | ||||||
| Excellent | 4 915 | 10.0 | 390 | 10.0 | 4 512 | 10.0 | |
| Very good | 19 045 | 38.7 | 1 543 | 39.7 | 17 465 | 38.7 | |
| Good | 18 151 | 36.9 | 1 414 | 36.4 | 16 680 | 37.0 | |
| Fair | 5 967 | 12.1 | 462 | 11.9 | 5 485 | 12.2 | |
| Poor | 901 | 1.8 | 62 | 1.6 | 838 | 1.9 | |
| Very poor | 171 | 0.3 | 16 | 0.4 | 155 | 0.3 | |
| How concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic | <.0001 | ||||||
| Not at all concerned | 3 245 | 6.8 | 297 | 7.8 | 2 937 | 6.7 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 20 247 | 42.2 | 1 726 | 45.5 | 18 454 | 41.8 | |
| Very concerned | 24 533 | 51.1 | 1 774 | 46.7 | 22 709 | 51.5 | |
| Pandemic causing concerns about the followinga | |||||||
| Risk of getting COVID-19 infection | 30 849 | 62.1 | 2 283 | 58.2 | 28 476 | 62.4 | <.0001 |
| Risk of family/friends getting COVID-19 infection | 33 448 | 67.3 | 2 570 | 65.5 | 30 806 | 67.5 | .0109 |
| Getting the health care I need | 5 714 | 11.5 | 366 | 9.3 | 5 339 | 11.7 | <.0001 |
| Getting adequate food | 1 375 | 2.8 | 76 | 1.9 | 1 294 | 2.8 | .0010 |
| Getting enough exercise/physical activity | 11 587 | 23.3 | 586 | 14.9 | 10 976 | 24.0 | <.0001 |
| Getting the sleep I need | 3 813 | 7.7 | 224 | 5.7 | 3 578 | 7.8 | <.0001 |
| Having adequate housing | 299 | 0.6 | 15 | 0.4 | 283 | 0.6 | .0646 |
| Having enough money to cover my needs | 2 380 | 4.8 | 162 | 4.1 | 2 210 | 4.8 | .0448 |
| My personal safety | 8 189 | 16.5 | 581 | 14.8 | 7 583 | 16.6 | .0035 |
| Health and safety of my family/friends | 29 226 | 58.8 | 2 231 | 56.9 | 26 933 | 59.0 | .0089 |
| My financial security | 3 795 | 7.6 | 235 | 6.0 | 3 547 | 7.8 | <.0001 |
| Financial security of my family | 5 168 | 10.4 | 344 | 8.8 | 4 807 | 10.5 | .0005 |
| Ability to be with family and friends | 30 533 | 61.4 | 2 300 | 58.6 | 28 167 | 61.7 | .0001 |
| Nation and economy more generally | 34 561 | 69.5 | 2 723 | 69.4 | 31 764 | 69.6 | .8083 |
| Perceived stress scale, mean (SD) | 4.8 | (2.9) | 4.6 | (2.9) | 4.8 | (2.9) | .0023 |
| Living arrangement changed since March 2020 due to pandemic* | 3 351 | 6.9 | 273 | 7.1 | 3 067 | 6.8 | .6072 |
| If yes, what changed | |||||||
| Moved in with other family or friends | 356 | 13.1 | 45 | 20.0 | 310 | 12.5 | .0013 |
| Family or friends moved in | 495 | 18.2 | 41 | 18.2 | 454 | 18.3 | .9881 |
| Household members moved away | 148 | 5.4 | 11 | 4.9 | 137 | 5.5 | .6941 |
| Moved out of shared housing | 62 | 2.3 | 11 | 4.9 | 51 | 2.1 | .0064 |
| Care provider now comes to help | 190 | 7.0 | 16 | 7.1 | 173 | 7.0 | .9316 |
| Care provider no longer comes to help | 92 | 3.4 | 6 | 2.7 | 86 | 3.5 | .5294 |
| Moved into care facility | 233 | 8.6 | 20 | 8.9 | 212 | 8.5 | .8529 |
| Moved out of care facility | 61 | 2.2 | 8 | 3.6 | 53 | 2.1 | .1679 |
| Other changes | 1 404 | 51.6 | 105 | 46.7 | 1 291 | 51.9 | .1303 |
| Steps taken since March 2020 to reduce risk of infection by COVID-19* | |||||||
| Washing hands frequently | 45 019 | 90.6 | 3 564 | 90.8 | 41 335 | 90.6 | .5625 |
| Trying not to touch face | 32 157 | 64.7 | 2 440 | 62.2 | 29 640 | 64.9 | .0006 |
| Disinfecting surfaces frequently | 25 227 | 50.8 | 1 960 | 50.0 | 23 200 | 50.8 | .2951 |
| Maintaining physical distance from people outside household | 44 344 | 89.2 | 3 431 | 87.5 | 40 809 | 89.4 | .0001 |
| Wearing a face mask in public | 46 309 | 93.2 | 3 607 | 91.9 | 42 599 | 93.3 | .0009 |
| Wearing gloves in public | 9 517 | 19.2 | 555 | 14.1 | 8 934 | 19.6 | <.0001 |
| Avoiding in-person social/religious activities | 36 786 | 74.0 | 2 673 | 68.1 | 34 032 | 74.6 | <.0001 |
| Avoiding or limiting in-person shopping | 34 828 | 70.1 | 2 630 | 67.0 | 32 122 | 70.4 | <.0001 |
| Avoiding shaking hands | 40 159 | 80.8 | 3 072 | 78.3 | 36 999 | 81.1 | <.0001 |
| Staying home | 39 210 | 78.9 | 3 022 | 77.0 | 36 085 | 79.1 | .0028 |
| New actions taken to help family/friends/community during pandemic* | |||||||
| Getting food or medicine for others | 4 847 | 10.0 | 372 | 9.8 | 4 461 | 10.0 | .6233 |
| Providing childcare | 979 | 2.0 | 91 | 2.4 | 888 | 2.0 | .0962 |
| Donating blood | 768 | 1.6 | 81 | 2.1 | 686 | 1.5 | .0054 |
| Donating money | 14 679 | 30.4 | 1 010 | 26.6 | 13 632 | 30.7 | <.0001 |
| Making masks for others | 5 455 | 11.3 | 542 | 14.3 | 4 905 | 11.0 | <.0001 |
| Contacting friends/family to keep in touch | 34 318 | 71.0 | 2 638 | 69.4 | 31 603 | 71.1 | .0270 |
| Other actions | 1 933 | 4.0 | 141 | 3.7 | 1 789 | 4.0 | .3411 |
| No new actions | 10 258 | 21.2 | 834 | 21.9 | 9 388 | 21.1 | .2344 |
| How often communicate with others outside home | .1133 | ||||||
| Every day | 22 819 | 47.8 | 1 743 | 46.3 | 21 030 | 48.0 | |
| Several times per week | 16 043 | 33.6 | 1 326 | 35.2 | 14 663 | 33.4 | |
| 1–2 times per week | 5 326 | 11.2 | 404 | 10.7 | 4 906 | 11.2 | |
| Once per week | 1 945 | 4.1 | 155 | 4.1 | 1 784 | 4.1 | |
| Rarely or never | 1 607 | 3.4 | 140 | 3.7 | 1 462 | 3.3 |
Notes: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; SD = standard deviation.
*The COVID-19 survey allowed participants to mark multiple responses to this question.