In vitro screening technologies for VGSC drug discovery.

Assay type	Representative example	Temporal resolution	Information content	Throughput
Binding	Radioligand binding assay	Low (h)	Low (not functional)	Mid–high
Ion flux	Radioisotope influx assay	Mid (s to min)	Mid	Mid–high
	AAS for Li+, Tl+
Fluorescence dye	FLIPR membrane potential assay	Mid (s)	Mid	High
	FRET-based membrane potential assay (e.g., VIPR)	High (ms to s)	Mid	High
Electrophysiology	Automated patch-clamp assay	High (μs to ms)	High	Mid–high
	Manual patch-clamp assay	High (μs to ms)	High	Low