Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Index Cases (n = 131) and Their Household Contacts (n = 457), Klerksdorp and Soweto, South Africa, September 2020–October 2021
| Overall | Index Case, n/N (%) | Household Contact, n/N (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Index Case, n/N (%) | Household Contact, n/N (%) | Klerksdorp | Soweto | Klerksdorp | Soweto |
| Household characteristics | ||||||
| Index case/contact | 131/588 (22) | 457/588 (78) | 62/274 (23) | 69/314 (22) | 212/274 (77) | 245/314 (78) |
| Household size | ||||||
| ȃ3–5 | 106/131 (81) | 305/457 (67) | 51/62 (82) | 55/69 (80) | 146/212 (69) | 159/245 (65) |
| ȃ6–10 | 25/131 (19) | 152/457 (33) | 11/62 (18) | 14/69 (20) | 66/212 (31) | 86/245 (35) |
| Rooms used for sleeping | ||||||
| ȃ1–2 | 66/117 (56) | 209/401 (52) | 33/57 (58) | 33/60 (55) | 114/192 (59) | 95/209 (45) |
| ȃ3–4 | 42/117 (36) | 141/401 (35) | 22/57 (39) | 20/60 (33) | 69/192 (36) | 72/209 (34) |
| ȃ>4 | 9/117 (8) | 51/401 (13) | 2/57 (4) | 7/60 (12) | 9/192 (5) | 42/209 (20) |
| Crowding | 89/131 (68) | 330/457 (72) | 43/62 (69) | 46/69 (67) | 158/212 (75) | 172/245 (70) |
| Child aged <5 years | 17/131 (13) | 63/457 (14) | 10/62 (16) | 7/69 (10) | 43/212 (20) | 20/245 (8) |
| Household member smokes inside | 30/131 (23) | 93/457 (20) | 18/62 (29) | 12/69 (17) | 51/212 (24) | 42/245 (17) |
| Main water source inside home | 92/131 (70) | 321/457 (70) | 38/62 (61) | 54/69 (78) | 124/212 (58) | 197/245 (80) |
| Place to wash hands inside | 129/131 (98) | 451/457 (99) | 62/62 (100) | 67/69 (97) | 212/212 (100) | 239/245 (98) |
| Main cooking fuel | ||||||
| ȃElectricity | 127/131 (97) | 444/457 (97) | 58/62 (94) | 69/69 (100) | 199/212 (94) | 245/245 (100) |
| ȃGas/Paraffin | 4/131 (3) | 13/457 (3) | 4/62 (6) | 0/69 (0) | 13/212 (6) | 0/245 (0) |
| Monthly household income | ||||||
| ȃ<US$23 | 5/131 (4) | 17/457 (4) | 4/62 (6) | 1/69 (1) | 15/212 (7) | 2/245 (1) |
| ȃUS$24 to US$46 | 6/131 (5) | 19/457 (4) | 4/62 (6) | 2/69 (3) | 12/212 (6) | 7/245 (3) |
| ȃUS$47 to US$93 | 12/131 (9) | 39/457 (9) | 10/62 (16) | 2/69 (3) | 33/212 (16) | 6/245 (2) |
| ȃUS$94 to US$187 | 23/131 (18) | 86/457 (19) | 12/62 (19) | 11/69 (16) | 43/212 (20) | 43/245 (18) |
| ȃ$US188 to US$375 | 21/131 (16) | 68/457 (15) | 7/62 (11) | 14/69 (20) | 23/212 (11) | 45/245 (18) |
| ȃUS$376 to US$752 | 8/131 (6) | 33/457 (7) | 2/62 (3) | 6/69 (9) | 5/212 (2) | 28/245 (11) |
| ȃUS$753 to US$1506 | 6/131 (5) | 19/457 (4) | 0/62 (0) | 6/69 (9) | 0/212 (0) | 19/245 (8) |
| ȃRefused to disclose | 50/131 (38) | 176/457 (39) | 23/62 (37) | 27/69 (39) | 81/212 (38) | 95/245 (39) |
| Individual characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years | ||||||
| ȃ<5 | … | 19/457 (4) | … | … | 11/212 (5) | 8/245 (3) |
| ȃ5–12 | … | 80/457 (18) | … | … | 39/212 (18) | 41/245 (17) |
| ȃ13–17 | … | 70/457 (15) | … | … | 38/212 (18) | 32/245 (13) |
| ȃ18–34 | 37/131 (28) | 126/457 (28) | 21/62 (34) | 16/69 (23) | 54/212 (25) | 72/245 (29) |
| ȃ35–59 | 76/131 (58) | 113/457 (25) | 37/62 (60) | 39/69 (57) | 50/212 (24) | 63/245 (26) |
| ȃ≥60 | 18/131 (14) | 49/457 (11) | 4/62 (6) | 14/69 (20) | 20/212 (9) | 29/245 (12) |
| Sex | ||||||
| ȃMale | 38/131 (29) | 192/457 (42) | 17/62 (27) | 21/69 (30) | 93/212 (44) | 99/245 (40) |
| ȃFemale | 93/131 (71) | 265/457 (58) | 45/62 (73) | 48/69 (70) | 119/212 (56) | 146/245 (60) |
| Level of educationa | ||||||
| ȃNo schooling | 6/129 (5) | 15/283 (5) | 3/60 (5) | 3/69 (4) | 1/120 (1) | 14/163 (9) |
| ȃPrimary | 4/129 (3) | 21/283 (7) | 2/60 (3) | 2/69 (3) | 14/120 (12) | 7/163 (4) |
| ȃSecondary | 43/129 (33) | 89/283 (31) | 25/60 (42) | 18/69 (26) | 47/120 (39) | 42/163 (26) |
| ȃMatriculation | 69/129 (53) | 136/283 (48) | 28/60 (47) | 41/69 (59) | 51/120 (43) | 85/163 (52) |
| ȃPost-secondary | 7/129 (5) | 22/283 (8) | 2/60 (3) | 5/69 (7) | 7/120 (6) | 15/163 (9) |
| Employmenta | ||||||
| ȃUnemployed | 55/121 (45) | 159/258 (62) | 25/57 (44) | 30/64 (47) | 68/111 (61) | 91/147 (62) |
| ȃStudent | 10/121 (8) | 30/258 (12) | 5/57 (9) | 5/64 (8) | 11/111 (10) | 19/147 (13) |
| ȃEmployed | 56/121 (46) | 69/258 (27) | 27/57 (47) | 29/64 (45) | 32/111 (29) | 37/147 (25) |
| Smoking cigarettesb | 17/129 (13) | 66/323 (20) | 11/60 (18) | 6/69 (9) | 35/145 (24) | 31/178 (17) |
| Smoke indoors | 5/17 (29) | 15/66 (23) | 5/11 (45) | 0/6 (0) | 14/35 (40) | 1/31 (3) |
| HIV status | ||||||
| ȃNot living with HIV | 101/131 (77) | 176/457 (39) | 51/62 (82) | 50/69 (72) | 130/212 (61) | 46/245 (19) |
| ȃLiving with HIV | 28/131 (21) | 35/457 (8) | 10/62 (16) | 18/69 (26) | 16/212 (8) | 19/245 (8) |
| ȃUnknown | 2/131 (2) | 246/457 (54) | 1/62 (2) | 1/69 (1) | 66/212 (31) | 180/245 (73) |
| Index case living with HIV in household | ||||||
| ȃIndex HIV-negative | 101/131 (77) | 344/457 (75) | 51/62 (82) | 50/69 (72) | 175/212 (83) | 169/245 (69) |
| ȃIndex HIV- positive | 28/131 (21) | 103/457 (23) | 10/62 (16) | 18/69 (26) | 34/212 (16) | 69/245 (28) |
| ȃIndex HIV unknown | 2/131 (2) | 10/457 (2) | 1/62 (2) | 1/69 (1) | 3/212 (1) | 7/245 (3) |
| CD4+ T-cell count | ||||||
| ȃNot living with HIV, not immune suppressedc | 17/28 (61) | 13/35 (37) | 5/10 (50) | 12/18 (67) | 2/16 (13) | 11/19 (58) |
| ȃLiving with HIV, immune suppressedc | 4/28 (14) | 2/35 (6) | 1/10 (10) | 3/18 (17) | 1/16 (6) | 1/19 (5) |
| ȃLiving with HIV, no CD4+ T-cell count | 7/28 (25) | 20/35 (57) | 4/10 (40) | 3/18 (17) | 13/16 (81) | 7/19 (37) |
| Underlying illnessd | 32/129 (25) | 57/448 (13) | 12/60 (20) | 20/69 (29) | 205/212 (97) | 243/245 (99) |
| Body mass index | ||||||
| ȃUnderweight | 3/129 (2) | 29/448 (6) | 1/60 (2) | 2/69 (3) | 14/205 (7) | 15/243 (6) |
| ȃNormal | 36/129 (28) | 206/448 (46) | 18/60 (30) | 18/69 (26) | 108/205 (53) | 98/243 (40) |
| ȃOverweight | 25/129 (19) | 103/448 (23) | 10/60 (17) | 15/69 (22) | 39/205 (19) | 64/243 (26) |
| ȃObese | 65/129 (50) | 110/448 (25) | 31/60 (52) | 34/69 (49) | 44/205 (21) | 66/243 (27) |
| Previous TB | 7/129 (5) | 9/448 (2) | 2/60 (3) | 5/69 (7) | 6/205 (3) | 3/243 (1) |
| Current TB | 4/129 (3) | 2/448 (0) | 2/60 (3) | 2/69 (3) | 0/205 (0) | 2/243 (1) |
| Coronavirus 2019 vaccinatione | 0/131 (0) | 1/457 (0) | 0/62 (0) | 0/69 (0) | 1/212 (0) | 0/245 (0) |
Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TB, tuberculosis.
Individuals aged ≥18 years.
Individuals aged ≥15 years.
Immune suppressed defined as CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/mL.
Underlying medical conditions include self-reported history of diabetes, hypertension, asthma, lung disease, heart disease, stroke, spinal cord injury, epilepsy, cancer, liver disease, renal disease, prematurity.
At least 1 dose administered 14 days prior to enrollment.