Table 2. Human chewing energetics with ape-like chewing durations.

If humans chewed for similar lengths of time as other great apes, this increased time chewing could see daily masticatory energetics taking up considerably more of the daily energy budget (% TEE).

Chewing time	Sex	Daily chew EE soft gum (kJ/day)	% TEE soft gum	Daily chew EE stiff gum (kJ/day)	% TEE stiff gum
0.35 hours (human-like)	M	15.4	0.1	25.1	0.2
	F	14.9	0.2	21.5	0.2
4.5 hours (Pan-like)	M	117.7	1.0	192.4	1.7
	F	114.2	1.2	164.5	1.8
6.5 hours (Gorilla-like)	M	170.1	1.5	278.1	2.4
	F	165.1	1.8	237.7	2.6
6.6 hours (Pongo-like)	M	172.6	1.5	282.2	2.5
	F	167.5	1.8	241.3	2.6