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. 2022 Aug 18;44(6):2623–2653. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00620-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Photoreceptor inner segment. A Normal aged cone and rods. Ellipsoid (el) contains numerous, densely packet, uniformly long mitochondria with well-preserved cristae and matrix. Myoid (my) contains a few endoplasmic reticula (ER) and normal cytoplasm free from inclusions, similarly to neighboring rods (R). olm: outer limiting membrane; 76 years; male; ×12,000; bar: 1 μm. B Early AMD cone. Ellipsoid (el) contains mitochondria of various shapes and sizes with focal loss of cristae and matrix. Myoid (my) is shorter and contains some endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosome (Ly), electrodense, and lipid-containing inclusions (LDs) next to the mitochondria. olm: outer limiting membrane; 62 years; male; ×20,000; bar: 0.1 μm