Table1.

Natural Bioinks and Printing Materials used in 3D Bioprinting

Biomaterial	Printing Method	Cell culture	Cardiac function/ cellular response	Reference
Alginate	Pressure-assisted solid freedom fabrication method	CPCs	• Cell viability (> 95%) for 7 days, printed semi-permeable microfluidic channels support mechanical integrity and fluid transport and provided an environment conducive to cell growth and function.	30
	Extrusion-based	L929 murine FBs	• Cell viability (>70%) at day 7, high-strength structure was formed with high concentration of sodium alginate.	31
	Inkjet	NIH-3T3 Murine FBs	• Cell viability (>80%) at day 4.	32
	Inkjet	Rat vascular ECs and FBs	• Cell viability (>85%) at day 21.	33
	Extrusion based	CPCs	• Cell viability (>90%) at day 4, CPSs maintained the progenitor cellular functions and ECM secretion.	34
	Extrusion based	HUVSMCs	• High proliferation up to day 10; formation of ECM observed. • Higher alginate concentration resulted in higher burst pressure, young’s modulus and tensile strength. Printed conduits maintained structural integrity and ECM deposition after 6 weeks of in vitro culture.	35
Fibrin	Laser-based	ASCs and ECFCs	• ASC-ECFC interaction resulted in stable vascular network formation for 2 weeks.	36
Hyaluronic acid	Laser-based	HAVIC	• Cell viability (>90%) for 7 days, remodeled matrix with deposition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans. HAVIC expressed αSMA and vimentin	37
Agarose	Extrusion-based	Human mesenchymal stem cells	• Cell viability (>95%) at day 21, ECM production, increased compressive strength of the printed gels in 2 weeks	38
	Inkjet-based	Rat SMCs	• Cell viability (>95%) for 30 days, matrix deposition, cells expressed actin and connexin-43 over the culture period.	39
Decellularized matrix based bioinks	Extrusion based	Human ASCs, MSCs	• High cell viability and proliferation; ECM production in printed constructs	40
Matrigel	Inkjet-based	EPCs	• VEGF-mediated high EPC proliferation.	41

Abbreviations: MI (Myocardial Infarction); ECs (Endothelial cells); SMCs (Smooth muscle cells); CMs (Cardiomyocytes); MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells); CPSs (Cardiac Progenitor Cells); HUVSMCs (Human Vascular Smooth muscle cells); ECFCs (Endothelial colony forming cells); ASCs (Adipose derived-stem cells); HAVIC (Human Aortic Valvular Interstitial cells); αSMA (smooth muscle α-actin); EPCs (Endothelial progenitor cells); VEGF (Vascular Endothelial growth factor)