Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Total | SBP | p-Value | DBP | p-Value | RHR | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 2,013) | ≥120 mmHg | <120 mmHg | ≥70 mmHg | <70 mmHg | ≥80 bpm | <80 bpm | ||||
| (N = 1,218) | (N = 795) | (N = 1,392) | (N = 621) | (N = 885) | (N = 1,128) | |||||
| Age, yrs | 62.5 ± 15.9 | 66.1 ± 14.0 | 57.1 ± 17.1 | <0.001 | 63.0 ± 15.4 | 61.3 ± 17.0 | 0.032 | 60.7 ± 16.5 | 64.0 ± 15.2 | <0.001 |
| Male | 924 (45.9%) | 586 (48.1%) | 338 (42.5%) | 0.016 | 669 (48.1%) | 255 (41.1%) | 0.004 | 422 (47.7%) | 502 (44.5%) | 0.169 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.91 | 23.7 ± 3.70 | 22.6 ± 4.11 | <0.001 | 23.5 ± 3.82 | 22.6 ± 4.02 | <0.001 | 23.4 ± 4.36 | 23.1 ± 3.50 | 0.120 |
| Current smoker | 240 (11.9%) | 138 (11.3%) | 102 (12.8%) | 0.345 | 170 (12.2%) | 70 (11.3%) | 0.598 | 116 (13.1%) | 124 (11.0%) | 0.166 |
| SBP, mmHg | 125 ± 21.1 | 138 ± 16.3 | 106 ± 9.46 | 0.000 | 130 ± 19.8 | 114 ± 19.3 | <0.001 | 124 ± 21.3 | 126 ± 21.0 | 0.203 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.2 ± 12.9 | 79.8 ± 12.8 | 68.2 ± 9.38 | <0.001 | 81.3 ± 10.2 | 61.5 ± 5.94 | <0.001 | 78.2 ± 13.4 | 72.9 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 837 (41.6%) | 654 (53.7%) | 183 (23.0%) | <0.001 | 644 (46.3%) | 193 (31.1%) | <0.001 | 346 (39.1%) | 491 (43.5%) | 0.050 |
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 78.7 ± 19.2 | 78.1 ± 19.2 | 79.6 ± 19.0 | 0.091 | 80.8 ± 19.5 | 73.8 ± 17.3 | <0.001 | 94.5 ± 16.7 | 66.3 ± 9.29 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 285 (14.2%) | 211 (17.3%) | 74 (9.31%) | <0.001 | 204 (14.7%) | 81 (13.0%) | 0.374 | 123 (13.9%) | 162 (14.4%) | 0.817 |
| Coronary artery disease | 517 (25.7%) | 372 (30.5%) | 145 (18.2%) | <0.001 | 371 (26.7%) | 146 (23.5%) | 0.151 | 199 (22.5%) | 318 (28.2%) | 0.004 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 112 (5.56%) | 59 (4.84%) | 53 (6.67%) | 0.100 | 77 (5.53%) | 35 (5.64%) | 1.000 | 55 (6.21%) | 57 (5.05%) | 0.303 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 755 (37.5%) | 487 (40.0%) | 268 (33.7%) | 0.005 | 560 (40.2%) | 195 (31.4%) | <0.001 | 359 (40.6%) | 396 (35.1%) | 0.014 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 1,186 (58.9%) | 701 (57.6%) | 485 (61.0%) | 0.135 | 805 (57.8%) | 381 (61.4%) | 0.151 | 535 (60.5%) | 651 (57.7%) | 0.232 |
| Previous PCI | 168 (8.35%) | 109 (8.95%) | 59 (7.42%) | 0.259 | 108 (7.76%) | 60 (9.66%) | 0.181 | 59 (6.67%) | 109 (9.66%) | 0.020 |
| Previous CABG | 49 (2.43%) | 39 (3.20%) | 10 (1.26%) | 0.009 | 37 (2.66%) | 12 (1.93%) | 0.413 | 6 (0.68%) | 43 (3.81%) | <0.001 |
| Previous valvular intervention | 147 (7.30%) | 80 (6.57%) | 67 (8.43%) | 0.139 | 96 (6.90%) | 51 (8.21%) | 0.339 | 73 (8.25%) | 74 (6.56%) | 0.174 |
| Pacemaker/ICD implantation | 164 (8.15%) | 111 (9.11%) | 53 (6.67%) | 0.060 | 107 (7.69%) | 57 (9.18%) | 0.297 | 37 (4.18%) | 127 (11.3%) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class ≥III | 659 (32.7%) | 362 (29.7%) | 297 (37.4%) | <0.001 | 452 (32.5%) | 207 (33.3%) | 0.742 | 362 (40.9%) | 297 (26.3%) | <0.001 |
| Severe TR | 645 (32.0%) | 342 (28.1%) | 303 (38.1%) | <0.001 | 398 (28.6%) | 247 (39.8%) | <0.001 | 282 (31.9%) | 363 (32.2%) | 0.918 |
| Symptoms | 1,670 (83.0%) | 1,010 (82.9%) | 660 (83.0%) | 1.000 | 1,155 (83.0%) | 515 (82.9%) | 1.000 | 746 (84.3%) | 924 (81.9%) | 0.177 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 78.3 ± 23.9 | 75.9 ± 23.0 | 81.9 ± 25.0 | <0.001 | 78.6 ± 22.9 | 77.6 ± 26.1 | 0.418 | 78.9 ± 24.4 | 77.8 ± 23.6 | 0.316 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 132 ± 24.2 | 131 ± 23.5 | 133 ± 25.4 | 0.202 | 134 ± 23.0 | 127 ± 26.0 | <0.001 | 134 ± 25.3 | 130 ± 23.2 | 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 39.1 ± 5.44 | 39.2 ± 5.32 | 38.8 ± 5.63 | 0.099 | 39.2 ± 5.27 | 38.7 ± 5.80 | 0.045 | 38.7 ± 5.66 | 39.4 ± 5.25 | 0.009 |
| ALT, U/L | 18.1 [13.0;28.2] | 18.6 [13.0;28.1] | 18.0 [13.0;28.2] | 0.382 | 19.0 [13.0;28.6] | 18.0 [12.5;28.0] | 0.640 | 19.4 [13.9;31.0] | 17.4 [12.0;26.0] | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 15.4 [11.1;22.5] | 14.8 [10.5;20.6] | 17.4 [12.0;25.5] | <0.001 | 15.3 [11.0;22.3] | 15.8 [11.2;23.2] | 0.325 | 16.4 [11.7;24.7] | 14.7 [10.7;20.7] | <0.001 |
| LAi, mm/m2 | 25.4 ± 5.77 | 25.5 ± 5.59 | 25.1 ± 6.02 | 0.118 | 25.2 ± 5.66 | 25.6 ± 6.00 | 0.167 | 25.4 ± 6.01 | 25.4 ± 5.57 | 0.906 |
| LVEDDi, mm/m2 | 28.1 ± 5.16 | 28.4 ± 4.73 | 27.7 ± 5.74 | 0.009 | 28.0 ± 4.86 | 28.3 ± 5.78 | 0.346 | 27.8 ± 5.63 | 28.3 ± 4.75 | 0.022 |
| LVEF, % | 56.9 ± 11.5 | 57.0 ± 11.0 | 56.8 ± 12.2 | 0.698 | 56.7 ± 11.5 | 57.6 ± 11.3 | 0.104 | 55.6 ± 12.2 | 58.0 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| AAO, mm | 31.5 ± 5.20 | 31.9 ± 4.90 | 30.8 ± 5.58 | <0.001 | 31.7 ± 4.96 | 31.1 ± 5.71 | 0.037 | 31.4 ± 5.14 | 31.5 ± 5.26 | 0.604 |
| Etiology | <0.001 | 0.017 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Rheumatic | 145 (7.88%) | 79 (7.14%) | 66 (8.99%) | 95 (7.47%) | 50 (8.80%) | 86 (10.4%) | 59 (5.80%) | |||
| Degenerative | 320 (17.4%) | 218 (19.7%) | 102 (13.9%) | 215 (16.9%) | 105 (18.5%) | 122 (14.8%) | 198 (19.5%) | |||
| Congenital | 221 (12.0%) | 102 (9.22%) | 119 (16.2%) | 135 (10.6%) | 86 (15.1%) | 105 (12.8%) | 116 (11.4%) | |||
| Functional | 1,025 (55.7%) | 628 (56.8%) | 397 (54.1%) | 738 (58.0%) | 287 (50.5%) | 451 (54.8%) | 574 (56.4%) | |||
| Other | 129 (7.01%) | 79 (7.14%) | 50 (6.81%) | 89 (7.00%) | 40 (7.04%) | 59 (7.17%) | 70 (6.88%) | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 740 (36.8%) | 533 (43.8%) | 207 (26.0%) | <0.001 | 546 (39.2%) | 194 (31.2%) | 0.001 | 307 (34.7%) | 433 (38.4%) | 0.097 |
| Beta blocker | 967 (48.0%) | 638 (52.4%) | 329 (41.4%) | <0.001 | 676 (48.6%) | 291 (46.9%) | 0.510 | 451 (51.0%) | 516 (45.7%) | 0.023 |
| Diuretic | 1,191 (59.2%) | 667 (54.8%) | 524 (65.9%) | <0.001 | 794 (57.0%) | 397 (63.9%) | 0.004 | 600 (67.8%) | 591 (52.4%) | <0.001 |
| Tricuspid intervention | 192 (9.54%) | 103 (8.46%) | 89 (11.2%) | 0.049 | 120 (8.62%) | 72 (11.6%) | 0.044 | 85 (9.60%) | 107 (9.49%) | 0.989 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%) or median [interquartile range]. AAO, ascending aorta; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; LAi, indexed left atrial end-diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDDi, indexed left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RHR, resting heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.