Table 3.

Main characteristics of the nuclear cloud. The main proteins, structures, organelles and functions of the perinuclear space are described.

Characteristics and functions of the perinuclear space
Perinuclear cytoskeleton: 3D network of cytoskeletal filaments, including a perinuclear actin cap (MFs) and a high number of actin-associated proteins; MTOC/centrosome, network of MTs and MAPs; web of IFs and plectins (IF-associated proteins)
Perinuclear membranous organelles: ER, Golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, vesicles
Perinuclear proteins: structural (cytoskeletal), vesicular trafficking and signaling proteins, including several IDPs
Perinuclear functions:   Provide a structural support for the nucleus   Spatial organization of the perinuclear space   Serve as a hub for the positioning of several organelles   Control of nuclear size   Control of nuclear position   Regulation of the molecular traffic between the nucleus and the cytoplasm Processing of RNA molecules   Regulation of protein synthesis and PTMs   Regulation of signaling pathways   Provide a dynamic interaction between the nucleus and other organelles
Disease context: alterations in the expression of perinuclear proteins can lead to several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, cardiac and skeletal myopathies, immune/inflammatory diseases, and skin disorders

ER = endoplasmic reticulum, IDPs = intrinsically disordered proteins, IFs = intermediate filaments, MAPs = microtubule-associated proteins, MFs = microfilaments, MTs = microtubules, MTOC = microtubule-organizing center, PTMs = post-translational modification of proteins.