Table 2.

New biomarkers and their clinical potential in prostate cancer.

Biomarker	Type	Symbol	Validation	Reference
miRNAs	Diagnostic	let-7a, miR-145 and miR-155	Independently validated	[126]
		miR-21	Independently validated	[127]
		miR-32-5p	Independently validated	[128]
		miR-141	Independently validated	[129]
		miR-301a	Research Use Only	[130]
	Prognostic	miR-96-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-145-5p, miR221-5p	Independently validated	[131]
		miR-301a	Research Use Only	[130]
		miR-187	Research Use Only	[132]
		miR-1	Independently validated	[133]
		miRs-301a, 652, 454, 223 and 139	Independently validated	[134]
	Therapy response predictive	miR-106-b	Research Use Only	[135]
		miR-21	Independently validated	[136]
		miR-200	Independently validated	[61]
		miR-890	Research Use Only	[137]
		miR-34a	Research Use Only	[138]
lncRNAs	Diagnostic	PCA3	FDA Approved, 2012	[139–141]
		MALAT-1	Independently validated	[142, 143]
		PCAT14	Independently validated	[144]
		LOC100287482	Research Use Only	[145]
		FR0348383	Independently validated	[146]
	Prognostic	SChLAP1	Independently validated	[147]
		lncRNA-ATB	Independently validated	[148]
		FALEC	Research Use Only	[149]
		TUG1	Independently validated	[150]
		SNHG9	Independently validated	[151]
	Therapy response predictive	PCAT1	Research Use Only	[152]
		GAS5	Research Use Only	[153–155]
		NEAT-1	Research Use Only	[156, 157]
		DANCR	Research Use Only	[158]
		LOXL1-AS1	Research Use Only	[159]
Repetitive sequences	Diagnostic	HERV-K	Research Use Only	[92, 93]
		MNS16A	Research Use Only	[160]
		Y-STR loci	Research Use Only	[161]
	Prognostic	TG-PCA3 STR	Research Use Only	[162]
		CAG repeats	Research Use Only	[163, 164]
		ESR1 TA	Research Use Only	[165]
		MSR1	Research Use Only	[166]
		microsatellite instability	Research Use Only	[167]
		LINE-1	Research Use Only	[94]