Table 2.
Adjusted odds of a positive COVID-19 diagnosis among US older adults.
| Independent variable | Model A, aOR (95% CI), P | Model B, aOR (95% CI), P | Model C, aOR (95% CI), P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.00 (0.97–1.04), .96 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04), .94 | 1.00 (0.96–1.05), 1.00 |
| Female | 0.71 (0.40–1.27), .25 | 0.73 (0.40–1.34), .30 | 0.79 (0.43–1.42), .42 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.19 (0.61–2.29), .61 | 1.15 (0.57–2.32), .69 | 1.30 (0.65–2.61), .45 |
| Hispanic | 2.67 (1.22–5.85), .02 | 2.76 (1.23–6.22), .02 | 2.83 (1.30–6.17), .01 |
| Other | 1.00 (0.29–3.43), .99 | 1.08 (0.29–3.97), .91 | 1.15 (0.30–4.39), .83 |
| Highest level of education | |||
| Less than high school | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High school degree | 0.90 (0.47–1.74), .75 | 1.00 (0.51–1.95), 1.00 | 1.04 (0.48–2.23), .92 |
| College degree | 1.29 (0.60–2.76), .51 | 1.68 (0.76–3.68), .20 | 1.77 (0.75–4.15), .19 |
| Income (log) | 0.69 (0.52–0.92), .02 | 0.73 (0.54–0.99), .04 | 0.71 (0.50–0.99), .04 |
| Marital status | |||
| Not married | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Married | 1.11 (0.61–2.01), .72 | 1.04 (0.58–1.89), .88 | 1.28 (0.72–2.30), .40 |
| Household size | 1.20 (0.99–1.45), .06 | 1.17 (0.94–1.45), .16 | 1.20 (0.97–1.49), .09 |
| Metropolitan residence | 1.37 (0.75–2.52), .30 | 1.64 (0.85–3.17), .19 | 1.82 (0.84–3.94), .13 |
| Residential setting | |||
| Community dwelling | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Residential care or nursing home | 3.35 (1.86–6.04), <.001 | 2.57 (1.31–5.03), .01 | 2.62 (1.27–5.41), .01 |
| Self-rated health (0–4; poor to excellent) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14), .32 | 0.91 (0.70–1.18), .46 | |
| Body mass index | 1.03 (1.01–1.06), .02 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06), .09 | |
| ADL limitations | |||
| None | Reference | Reference | |
| At least one | 1.46 (0.81–2.66), .21 | 1.70 (0.90–3.20), .10 | |
| Proxy respondent | 1.24 (0.36–4.32), .73 | 1.23 (0.29–5.19), .77 | |
| Depression | 0.78 (0.32–1.90), .58 | 0.76 (0.30–1.94), .56 | |
| Anxiety | 2.07 (0.92–4.64), .08 | 2.38 (1.02–5.56), .04 | |
| Dementia | 1.44 (0.76–2.70), .26 | 1.58 (0.77–3.23), .21 | |
| History of heart attack | 1.68 (0.88–3.22), .11 | 1.79 (0.93–3.46), .08 | |
| History of hypertension | 1.00 (0.59–1.71), 1.00 | 0.90 (0.51–1.58), .70 | |
| History of diabetes | 0.92 (0.53–1.61), .78 | 0.81 (0.44–1.52), .51 | |
| History of stroke | 0.60 (0.26–1.39), .23 | 0.48 (0.16–1.47), .19 | |
| Adherence to COVID-19 mitigation behaviors (0–3) | 1.28 (0.48–3.43), .62 | ||
| Weighted sample size | 25,749,526 | 25,749,526 | 25,749,526 |
| Model significance | F(12,53) = 4.73, P < .001 | F(23,53) = 12.04, P < .001 | F(24,53) = 8.54, P < .001 |
ADL, activities of daily living; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.