Table 3.
Adjusted odds of adherence to COVID-19 Mitigation behaviors among US older adults.
| Independent variable | Handwashing, aOR (95% CI), P | Masking, aOR (95% CI), P | Social distancing, aOR (95% CI), P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.99 (0.95–1.04), .80 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07), .10 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00), .06 |
| Female | 2.55 (1.54–4.21), <.001 | 3.51 (2.03–6.09), <.001 | 1.50 (1.08–2.08), .02 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2.18 (0.81–5.91), .12 | 7.94 (2.33–27.04), <.001 | 2.33 (1.28–4.24), .01 |
| Hispanic | 6.53 (0.80–53.21), .08 | NA | 2.41 (0.79–7.29), .19 |
| Other | 4.00 (0.77–20.83), .10 | 18.13 (1.90–173.21), .01 | 1.22 (0.44–3.35), .70 |
| Highest level of education | |||
| Less than high school | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High school degree | 0.86 (0.32–2.30), .76 | 0.95 (0.30–2.97), .92 | 0.74 (0.43–1.28), .28 |
| College degree | 1.05 (0.39–2.85), .92 | 1.81 (0.55–5.95), .32 | 1.45 (0.72–2.92), .29 |
| Income (log) | 0.93 (0.61–1.43), .74 | 1.07 (0.76–1.50), .71 | 1.02 (0.79–1.31), .87 |
| Marital status | |||
| Not married | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Married | 1.48 (0.66–3.35), .34 | 1.33 (0.74–2.40), .34 | 0.91 (0.56–1.48), .69 |
| Household size | 0.92 (0.73–1.17), .48 | 0.91 (0.75–1.11), .36 | 1.08 (0.86–1.37), .50 |
| Metropolitan residence | 1.32 (0.61–2.83), .47 | 1.26 (0.64–2.51), .50 | 1.53 (1.09–2.15), .02 |
| Residential setting | |||
| Community dwelling | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Residential care or nursing home | 0.58 (0.26–1.32), .19 | 3.00 (0.50–17.94), .22 | 1.44 (0.66–3.15), .36 |
| Self-rated health (0–4; poor to excellent) | 0.93 (0.66–1.32), .70 | 0.72 (0.55–0.94), .02 | 1.04 (0.86–1.26), .66 |
| Body mass index | 1.00 (0.97–1.04), .79 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01), .18 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04), .28 |
| ADL limitations | |||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| At least one | 0.58 (0.24–1.41), .23 | 2.69 (0.93–7.81), .07 | 0.75 (0.43–1.32), .31 |
| Proxy respondent | 0.42 (0.12–1.39), .15 | 0.10 (0.02–0.43), <.01 | 1.43 (0.44–4.71), .54 |
| Depression | 0.64 (0.26–1.55), .32 | 1.88 (0.57–6.19), .29 | 1.47 (0.74–2.94), .27 |
| Anxiety | 1.55 (0.51–4.75), .44 | 0.30 (0.13–0.70), .01 | 0.70 (0.33–1.48), .35 |
| Dementia | 0.45 (0.24–0.85), .01 | 1.23 (0.51–3.00), .64 | 1.05 (0.64–1.71), .85 |
| History of heart attack | 0.59 (0.24–1.48), .26 | 1.02 (0.47–2.18), .97 | 1.22 (0.80–1.86), .34 |
| History of hypertension | 1.18 (0.62–2.26), .61 | 1.18 (0.60–2.31), .62 | 1.26 (0.82–1.91), .28 |
| History of diabetes | 0.99 (0.53–1.82), .96 | 0.47 (0.31–0.72), <.01 | 1.13 (0.76–1.66), .55 |
| History of stroke | 1.14 (0.56–2.30), .72 | 0.48 (0.24–0.97), .04 | 0.66 (0.42–1.04), .08 |
| Weighted sample size | 26,195,301 | 26,188,528 | 26,186,801 |
| Model significance | F(23,53) = 4.46, P < .001 | F(22,52) = 7.46, P < .001 | F(23,52) = 3.29, P < .001 |
ADL, activities of daily living; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available.
Hispanic was merged with ‘Other’ due to low statistical power.