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. 2022 Aug 17;12:13970. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18232-6

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Methylation of repetitive elements (LINE-1 and Alu) in non-ASD (n = 48) and ASD (n = 52). Total methylation of REs (a). Volcano plots of mean change in methylation (Δβ) of LINE-1 (b) and Alu (c) against − log10 FDR-adjusted p value (P_FDR) of ASD compared with non-ASD; the green line represents P_FDR = 0.05, the red line represents 10% of methylation changes, green dots represent hypomethylation loci, and orange dots represent hypermethylation loci. Changes in DNA methylation (Δβ) of ASD compared with non-ASD by a subfamily of LINE-1 (d) and Alu (e). Mean ± SD. *p < 0.05.