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. 2022 Aug 17;12:13970. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18232-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Methylation of repetitive elements (LINE-1 and Alu) in non-ASD (n = 48) and ASD patients who carry CHD8 variants (n = 15). DNA methylation (a). Volcano plots of mean change in methylation (Δβ) of LINE-1 (b) and Alu (c) against − log10 FDR-adjusted p value (P_FDR) of ASD compared with non-ASD; the green line represents P_FDR = 0.05, the red line represents 10% of methylation changes, green dots represent hypomethylation loci, and orange dots represent hypermethylation loci. Changes in DNA methylation (Δβ) of ASD with CHD8 compared with non-ASD by a subfamily of LINE-1 (d) and Alu (e). Mean ± SD. *p < 0.05.