Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Jun 26;101(9):102021. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102021

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

(A) Eubiosis; a sort of balanced environment “Eco-system” express the presence of different types of gut microbiota together providing intestinal integrity and limiting the attachment of pathogenic pathogens as Escherichia coli. (B) Dysbiosis; explain that during the infection with AIV, the number of gut microbiota is significantly decreased while the number of secondary pathogenic bacteria increased. Furthermore, genes expression for proinflammatory cytokines IFN-ɤ, IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-22, and IL-17A were significantly increased while, genes expression for MUC, ZO-1, Claudin 3, Occludin, TFF2, and Muc2 (responsible for intestinal mucin layer and intestinal mucosa healthiness) were significantly decreased resulting in an eruption of intestinal mucosa enabling secondary infection with E. coli which may lead to systemic infection.