TABLE 1.
General characteristics of included participants (n = 7,850) according to the presence or absence of CVD in the NHANES 2005–2008.
| Characters | Overall (n = 7850) | Non-CVD (n = 7006) | CVD (n = 844) | P-value |
| Age, year | 46.63 ± 0.45 | 45.14 ± 0.42 | 64.35 ± 0.70 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | 0.007 | |||
| Male | 49.15 (44.92–53.38) | 48.64 (47.61–49.68) | 55.17 (50.92–59.43) | |
| Female | 50.85 (46.11–55.59) | 51.36 (50.32–52.39) | 44.83 (40.57–49.08) | |
| Race | 0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 7.75 (6.17–9.32) | 8.03 (6.22–9.84) | 4.40 (2.83–5.98) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 10.22 (8.20–12.24) | 10.13 (7.57–12.69) | 11.31 (8.33–14.29) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 72.93 (62.84–83.01) | 72.48 (68.22–76.75) | 78.22 (73.44–83.00) | |
| Other Hispanic | 3.90 (2.63–5.18) | 4.04 (2.70–5.37) | 2.33 (0.85–3.82) | |
| Other race or multi-racial | 5.20 (4.29–6.11) | 5.32 (4.22–6.43) | 3.73 (2.16–5.30) | |
| Education | < 0.001 | |||
| Less than 9th grade | 5.89 (4.93–6.84) | 5.44 (4.54–6.34) | 11.26 (8.84–13.67) | |
| 9–11th grade | 12.07 (10.02–14.13) | 11.74 (9.95–13.52) | 16.06 (13.47–18.65) | |
| High school grad | 24.58 (21.65–27.50) | 24.31 (22.73–25.89) | 27.76 (23.12–32.41) | |
| College degree | 30.63 (27.49–33.78) | 30.94 (29.42–32.45) | 27.01 (22.71–31.31) | |
| College or above | 26.83 (23.03–30.63) | 27.58 (24.48–30.68) | 17.91 (13.96–21.87) | |
| Poverty-income ratio | < 0.001 | |||
| <1.3 | 17.99 (15.85–20.13) | 17.32 (15.54–19.10) | 25.93 (20.92–30.93) | |
| 1.3–1.8 | 9.16 (8.14–10.17) | 8.88 (7.88–9.88) | 12.45 (9.63–15.28) | |
| >1.8 | 72.85 (65.30–80.41) | 73.80 (71.43–76.17) | 61.62 (56.05–67.19) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
| Now | 23.50 (20.58–26.43) | 23.75 (21.79–25.70) | 20.60 (18.13–23.06) | |
| Former | 25.17 (22.58–27.75) | 23.64 (22.26–25.02) | 43.34 (39.47–47.21) | |
| Never | 51.33 (46.59–56.08) | 52.62 (50.42–54.81) | 36.06 (32.00–40.13) | |
| Alcohol consumption status | 0.010 | |||
| Yes | 75.20 (67.93–82.47) | 75.60 (73.28–77.91) | 70.48 (65.34–75.63) | |
| No | 24.80 (21.73–27.87) | 24.40 (22.09–26.72) | 29.52 (24.37–34.66) | |
| Activity | < 0.001 | |||
| Vigorous | 31.74 (28.29–35.20) | 33.29 (30.75–35.82) | 13.39 (9.69–17.09) | |
| Moderate | 29.19 (25.97–32.41) | 28.99 (26.97–31.01) | 31.63 (27.02–36.25) | |
| Inactive | 39.06 (33.93–44.20) | 37.73 (34.16–41.30) | 54.97 (49.88–60.07) | |
| Sleep duration | < 0.001 | |||
| <7 h/night | 36.34 (33.26–39.42) | 35.91 (33.83–37.99) | 41.43 (37.08–45.78) | |
| 7–8 h/night | 57.02 (50.95–63.09) | 57.77 (55.90–59.64) | 48.08 (42.80–53.36) | |
| >8 h/night | 6.64 (5.83–7.45) | 6.32 (5.62–7.01) | 10.49 (7.78–13.20) | |
| Sleep onset latency time | 0.001 | |||
| <5 min | 29.02 (25.73–32.30) | 29.40 (27.75–31.06) | 24.42 (19.47–29.37) | |
| 5–30 min | 53.64 (48.74–58.54) | 53.84 (52.04–55.64) | 51.26 (45.56–56.95) | |
| >30 min | 17.35 (15.49–19.21) | 16.76 (15.59–17.93) | 24.33 (20.43–28.22) | |
| Sleep problems | 41.72 (37.40–46.04) | 40.51 (39.27–41.74) | 56.16 (51.97–60.36) | < 0.001 |
| OSA symptoms | 50.82 (45.66–55.97) | 50.34 (48.12–52.55) | 56.52 (51.80–61.25) | 0.019 |
| Daytime sleepiness | 29.19 (26.21–32.17) | 28.92 (27.52–30.32) | 32.43 (28.38–36.47) | 0.106 |
| Hypertension | 48.40 (43.89–52.90) | 45.80 (44.00–47.60) | 79.31 (75.54–83.08) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 10.05 (8.78–11.33) | 8.29 (7.48–9.09) | 31.07 (27.05–35.08) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.56 ± 0.14 | 28.45 ± 0.15 | 29.83 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.89 ± 0.41 | 97.30 ± 0.42 | 104.91 ± 0.55 | < 0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 198.02 ± 0.64 | 198.91 ± 0.70 | 187.31 ± 2.35 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.94 ± 0.32 | 53.11 ± 0.31 | 50.93 ± 0.79 | 0.005 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 159.36 ± 1.94 | 157.96 ± 2.15 | 176.00 ± 7.39 | 0.034 |
Values indicate the weighted mean ± SD or weighted% (95% confidence interval). P-values are weighted. OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.