TABLE 1.
The comparison of physiological and blood biochemical values obtained before and after the intervention.
| Parameter | Probiotics | Placebo | P-value # |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Baseline | 29.7 ± 1.1 | 29.7 ± 1.0 | 0.790 |
| End | 28.5 ± 1.1 | 29.2 ± 1.0 | 0.533 |
| P-value* | < 0.001*** | 0.015* | |
| Change rate (%) | 95.9 ± 0.8 | 98.1 ± 0.9 | 0.026# |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| Baseline | 68.2 ± 4.4 | 66.5 ± 4.6 | 0.824 |
| End | 66.7 ± 4.2 | 66.0 ± 4.6 | > 0.999 |
| p-value* | 0.007** | 0.594 | |
| Change rate (%) | 98.0 ± 0.7 | 99.6 ± 0.8 | 0.062 |
| Height (cm) | |||
| Baseline | 149.8 ± 2.8 | 147.3 ± 3.1 | 0.533 |
| End | 151.3 ± 2.7 | 148.5 ± 3.0 | 0.522 |
| p-value* | < 0.001*** | < 0.001*** | |
| Change rate (%) | 101.1 ± 0.3 | 100.9 ± 0.2 | 0.915 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Baseline | 89.9 ± 2.7 | 90.4 ± 2.5 | 0.715 |
| End | 89.3 ± 2.8 | 89.7 ± 2.5 | 0.625 |
| p-value* | 0.228 | 0.061 | |
| Change rate (%) | 99.3 ± 0.7 | 99.3 ± 0.5 | 0.742 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | |||
| Baseline | 98.0 ± 2.6 | 97.5 ± 2.6 | 0.873 |
| End | 96.1 ± 2.6 | 96.4 ± 2.7 | 0.845 |
| p-value* | 0.055 | 0.051 | |
| Change rate (%) | 98.2 ± 0.8 | 98.9 ± 0.6 | 0.669 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Baseline | 113.8 ± 3.1 | 124.7 ± 3.4 | 0.031# |
| End | 115.9 ± 3.5 | 123.5 ± 3.1 | 0.157 |
| p-value* | 0.605 | 0.819 | |
| Change rate (%) | 102.4 ± 2.4 | 100.5 ± 3.2 | 0.522 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Baseline | 72.9 ± 2.8 | 76.4 ± 2.7 | 0.277 |
| End | 68.3 ± 2.7 | 72.8 ± 2.9 | 0.306 |
| p-value* | 0.109 | 0.451 | |
| Change rate (%) | 96.3 ± 4.6 | 98.4 ± 5.4 | 0.637 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | |||
| Baseline | 88.9 ± 2.6 | 87.3 ± 2.7 | 0.986 |
| End | 89.2 ± 2.1 | 84.4 ± 2.6 | 0.383 |
| p-value* | 0.958 | 0.353 | |
| Change rate (%) | 101.9 ± 3.0 | 98.1 ± 3.3 | 0.708 |
| Glucose AC (mg/dl) | |||
| Baseline | 89.3 ± 1.2 | 89.7 ± 1.4 | 0.215 |
| End | 88.9 ± 1.4 | 90.2 ± 1.5 | 0.393 |
| p-value* | 0.178 | 0.849 | |
| Change rate (%) | 99.7 ± 1.6 | 100.8 ± 1.7 | 0.488 |
| HbA1c (%) | |||
| Baseline | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.0 | 0.548 |
| End | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.0 | 0.100 |
| p-value* | 0.531 | 0.055 | |
| Change rate (%) | 99.0 ± 1.2 | 101.1 ± 0.5 | 0.378 |
| C-peptide (ng/ml) | |||
| Baseline | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 0.255 |
| End | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.203 |
| p-value* | 0.923 | 0.909 | |
| Change rate (%) | 100.7 ± 7.5 | 99.4 ± 6.0 | 0.901 |
| Insulin (μ IU/ml) | |||
| Baseline | 13.8 ± 1.2 | 15.9 ± 2.0 | 0.887 |
| End | 15.9 ± 2.2 | 14.2 ± 1.4 | 0.972 |
| p-value* | 0.486 | 0.485 | |
| Change rate (%) | 114.4 ± 9.3 | 112.2 ± 13.9 | 0.423 |
| HOMA-IR | |||
| Baseline | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 0.838 |
| End | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 0.972 |
| p-value* | 0.548 | 0.424 | |
| Change rate (%) | 115.8 ± 11.0 | 116.0 ± 16.0 | 0.374 |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM of the results from each subject. Change rate: valueend/valuebaseline × 100% in the same subject. *The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the difference between before and after the intervention in each group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. #The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the difference between placebo and probiotic groups, #p < 0.05.