Table 4.
Examples of systematic and sustained livelihood recovery through the LRRD perspective
| Emergency relief assistance (provision) | Medium and long-term recovery assistance (protection) | Development/transformation facilitation (promotion) |
|---|---|---|
| Food and non-food relief assistance | Provision of assets, capital, and stock to assist in resuming pre-disaster livelihoods or starting a new initiative for marginalised and disadvantaged households | Targeted provision of assets and capital to scale up |
| Cash/voucher assistance for meeting immediate livelihood needs | Prioritising restoration of vital permanent infrastructure (market, water management facilities, roads, etc.) | Inclusive employment |
| Provision of cash-for-work for low-skilled reconstruction tasks such as clearing debris, repairing damaged village footrails, and clearing landslides | Provision of cash-for-work for infrastructure reconstruction, such as irrigation facilities, drinking water reconstruction schemes or school building reconstruction projects | Assistance for livelihood resilience or diversification |
| Provision for financial services/credit facilities for meeting immediate needs | Provision of seeds/seedlings (considering short, medium and long timeframe to yield or give returns) | Dealing with issues of gender and access to resources, assets or property |
| Temporary suspension of loan reimbursement by financial institutions from affected households | Provision of financial services/credit facilities for undertaking income-generating activities (on-farm/off-farm) | Effective or just management of natural resources or common-pool resources |
| Provision of seeds/seedlings that can grow fast in the local environment and basic farming tools for such task; or seeds/seedlings and basic farming tools that are immediately needed due to the ongoing and soon-to-begin sowing or farming time | Vocational skills (basic ones for early recovery and advanced vocational training) | Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) initiatives |
| Assistance for temporary shelters for people and livestock | Provision for livestock development support, such as buck/billy goats distribution, livestock rearing training and seedling/samplings for fodder | Address poverty and other social vulnerability issues, including caste and ethnic discrimination |
| Forming and building capacity of people’s organisations | Advocacy and policy change on livelihood issues | |
| Vocational and small business training including financial literacy training | Engaging to address market barriers/trade negotiations | |
| Land reform |
The text in italics is adapted from Daly et al. (2020), but it may feature in a different livelihood stage here