Table 2.

Factors associated with palliative care use in patients with SCD—overall and among those who died in hospital

	Palliative care use in SCD hospitalisations	Palliative care use among patients with SCD who died in hospital
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Age group
18–39 years	Reference	Reference
40–59 years	0.98 (0.81 to 1.18)	1.81 (1.19 to 2.75)*
60–79 years	0.95 (0.70 to 1.30)	1.13 (0.60 to 2.12)
80+ years	2.34 (1.41 to 3.88)*	2.29 (0.79 to 6.64)
Race/ethnicity
NH-white	Reference	Reference
NH-black	0.67 (0.45 to 0.99)*	0.33 (0.16 to 0.68)*
Hispanic	0.47 (0.26 to 0.84)*	0.28 (0.09 to 0.91)*
Others	0.83 (0.49 to 1.39)	0.41 (0.12 to 1.42)
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	0.40 (0.21 to 0.76)*	1.45 (1.00 to 2.11)
Discharge status
Routine	Reference	Reference
Transfer	3.71 (2.73 to 5.03)*
Died	39.26 (30.83 to 49.98)*	–
DAMA	0.48 (0.28 to 0.84)*	–
Other	4.14 (3.20 to 5.35)*	–
Zip code income quartile
Lowest quartile	Reference	Reference
Second quartile	0.89 (0.71 to 1.11)	0.69 (0.42 to 1.14)
Third quartile	1.24 (0.85 to 1.80)	0.48 (0.25 to 0.91)*
Highest quartile	1.58 (1.02 to 2.45)*	1.46 (0.79 to 2.71)
Primary payer
Medicare	Reference	Reference
Medicaid	0.40 (0.21 to 0.78)*	0.72 (0.21 to 2.48)
Private insurance	1.30 (1.02 to 1.65)*	1.03 (0.59 to 1.79)
Self-pay	1.22 (0.93 to 1.59)	1.12 (0.64 to 1.99)
Hospital characteristics
Hospital region
Northeast	Reference	Reference
Midwest	1.00 (0.57 to 1.75)	1.18 (0.57 to 2.46)
South	0.69 (0.42 to 1.11)	1.47 (0.78 to 2.78)
West	0.72 (0.40 to 1.31)	1.63 (0.77 to 3.41)
Hospital bed size
Small	Reference	Reference
Medium	1.47 (1.02 to 2.12)*	1.18 (0.57 to 2.44)
Large	1.91 (1.30 to 2.82)*	1.52 (0.78 to 2.96)
Hospital location and teaching status
Urban teaching	Reference	Reference
Rural	0.47 (0.28 to 0.79)*	0.75 (0.33 to 1.73)
Urban non-teaching	0.61 (0.47 to 0.80)*	0.63 (0.40 to 0.99)

’–’ represents the absence of variable in the model.

‘*’ indicates statistically significant findings.

DAMA, Discharged Against Medical Advice; NH, non-Hispanic; SCD, sickle cell disease.