Table 1.
List of the genes involved in rice grain number per panicle regulation.
| Gene name | Locus | Protein | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| APO1 | LOC_Os06g45460 | F-box protein | Control meristem cell proliferation; enhance the formation of vascular bundle systems | Ikeda-Kawakatsu et al. (2009), Terao et al., (2010) |
| APO2/RFL | LOC_Os04g51000 | Transcription factor RFL | Control inflorescence and flower development | Kyozuka et al. (1998), Ikeda-Kawakatsu et al. (2012) |
| COMT | LOC_Os08g06100 | Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase | Promote GN through regulating vascular development | Huangfu et al. (2022) |
| DEP1/qPE9-1 | LOC_Os09g26999 | G-protein gamma subunit | Regulate GN, panicle length, and grain weight | Huang et al. (2009b), Zhou et al. (2009), Sun et al. (2014), Xu et al. (2015b) |
| DEP2 | LOC_Os07g42410 | Unknown plant-specific protein | Control panicle outgrowth and elongation | Li et al. (2010) |
| DEP3 | LOC_Os06g46350 | Patatin-related phospholipase A | Regulate the formation of vascular bundles | Qiao et al. (2011) |
| DST | LOC_Os03g57240 | Zinc-finger transcription factor | Directly regulate OsCKX2 expression in the reproductive meristem | Li et al. (2013) |
| EBS | LOC_Os05g51360 | Similar to the N-terminal conserved ATPase domain of Hsp70 | Enhancing biomass and spikelet number | Dong et al. (2013) |
| EP3 | LOC_Os02g15950 | F-box protein | Regulates panicle architecture and vascular development | Piao et al. (2009) |
| ER1 | LOC_Os06g10230 | receptor-like protein kinase | Regulate CK metabolism through the MAPK signal cascade | Guo et al. (2020b) |
| FON4 | LOC_Os11g38270 | Receptor-like protein kinase | Prevents the multi-floret spikelet through controlling SM identity | Ren et al. (2019) |
| FZP | LOC_Os07g47330 | ERF transcription factor | Promote GN through establishing floral organ identity | Komatsu et al. (2003), Bai et al. (2016) |
| GAD1/RAE2 | LOC_Os08g37890 | Cysteine-rich secretory peptide | Regulates GN, grain length, and awn development | Bessho-Uehara et al. (2016), Jin et al. (2016) |
| Gn1a/CKX2 | LOC_Os01g10110 | Cytokinin oxidase CKX2 | Reduce GN through cytokinin metabolism | Ashikari et al. (2005), Gouda et al. (2020a) |
| Ghd7 | LOC_Os07g15770 | CCT (CO, CO-LIKE and TIMING OF CAB1) domain protein | Regulates grain number, plant height, and heading date; promote vascular development | Xue et al. (2008), Weng et al. (2014) |
| Ghd7.1 | LOC_Os07g49460 | pseudo-response regulator (PRR) protein | Delays rice heading and enhances grain productivity | Luo et al. (2013), Yan et al. (2013) |
| Ghd8 | LOC_Os08g07740 | HAP3 subunit of the HAP | Regulate grain number, plant height, and heading date | Yan et al. (2011) |
| GNP1 | LOC_Os03g63970 | Gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme GA20ox1 | Promote gibberellin biosynthesis | Bessho-Uehara et al. (2016) |
| GNS4 | LOC_Os04g39430 | Cytochrome P450 protein | Positively regulate GN and GS through the BR pathway | Zhou et al. (2017) |
| GSN1/GLA1/ LARGE8 | LOC_Os05g02500 | MAPK phosphatase | Regulate CK metabolism through inactivating MAPK signal cascade | Guo et al. (2018), Xu et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2019), Zhang et al. (2019a) |
| IPA1/OsSPL14 | LOC_Os08g39890 | SOUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE transcription factor | Promote shoot branching through transcriptional activation of DEP1 | Jiao et al. (2010), Miura et al. (2010), Lu et al. (2013) |
| LARGE2 | LOC_Os12g24080 | HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase | Negatively regulate GN through affecting the stability of APO1 and APO2 | Huang et al. (2021a) |
| LAX1 | LOC_Os01g61480 | bHLH transcription factor | Regulate axillary meristems formation | Oikawa and Kyozuka (2009) |
| LAX2/GNP4 | LOC_Os04g32510 | Nuclear protein with a plant-specific conserved domain | Interact with LAX1; regulate axillary meristem formation and lateral branching | Tabuchi et al. (2011), Zhang et al. (2018) |
| MED25 | LOC_Os09g13610 | Mediator protein | Interact with DST to promote expression of Gn1a | Lin et al. (2022) |
| MFS1 | LOC_Os05g41760 | AP2 domain containing protein | Repress SM determinacy and floral organ identity | Ren et al. (2013) |
| MFS2 | LOC_Os04g47890 | MYB transcription factor | Repress SM determinacy and floral organ identity | Li et al. (2020) |
| MOC1/GNP6 | LOC_Os06g40780 | GRAS-family nuclear protein | Promote axillary meristem initiation | Zhang et al. (2021b) |
| NAL1/qFLW4 | LOC_Os04g52479 | Trypsin-like serine and cysteine protease | Promote degradation of FZP; positively regulate leaf and vascular development | Qi et al. (2008), Fujita et al. (2013), Xu et al. (2015a), Huang et al. (2018), Lin et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2020c) |
| NOG1 | LOC_Os01g54860 | Enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase | Promote GN without affecting other yield traits | Huo et al. (2017) |
| PAP2/MADS34 | LOC_Os03g54170 | SEP-like MADS box transcription factor | Positively control spikelet meristem identity | Gao et al. (2010), Kobayashi et al. (2010), Lin et al. (2014) |
| PAY1 | LOC_Os08g31470 | Trypsin-like serine and cysteine protease | Improve plant architecture through affecting polar auxin transport and endogenous IAA distribution | Zhao et al. (2015) |
| PROG1 | LOC_Os07g05900 | Cys2-His2 zinc-finger protein | Regulate erect growth, promote GN and grain yield | Tan et al. (2008) |
| RCN1 | LOC_Os03g17350 | White-brown complex homolog protein | Promote branching through delaying the phase transition | Nakagawa et al. (2002) |
| RCN2 | LOC_Os02g32950 | Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein | Promote branching through delaying the phase transition | Nakagawa et al. (2002) |
| RGN1 | LOC_Os01g49160 | R2R3 MYB transcription factor | Promote GN through regulating LOG expression | Li et al. (2022) |
| RLB | LOC_Os07g03770 | KNOX type homebox protein | Promote GN through epigenetic silencing of OsCKX4 | Wang et al. (2022a) |
| SH1 | LOC_Os09g36160 | Transcription factor | Interacts with IPA1 and represses the transcriptional activation ability | Duan et al. (2019) |
| SP1 | LOC_Os11g12740 | Putative peptide transporter (PTR) family protein | Regulate panicle architecture through nitrate transport | Li et al. (2009) |
| SPL18 | LOC_Os09g32944 | SOUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE transcription factor | Promote expression of DEP1 | Yuan et al. (2019) |
| sped1-D | LOC_Os06g39650 | Pentatricopeptide repeat protein | Prompt the shortening of pedicels and secondary branches through repressing the GA signal transduction | Jiang et al. (2014) |
| TAL | LOC_Os01g70170 | Transaldolase | Promote vascular development | Yang et al. (2015) |
| TAW1 | LOC_Os10g33780 | Unknown nuclear protein | Promote panicle development | Yuan et al. (2021) |