Table 3.
Reported prevalence of chronic viral infections (HIV, HBV, or HCV infection) among undocumented migrants in Paris and Bordeaux, univariate and multivariate analyses with backward stepwise logistic regression (p = 0.05 threshold), Premiers Pas survey (n = 1,188).
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 927 | |||||||||
| n/N* | w% | p | cOR | 95%CI | p | aOR | 95%CI | p | |
| Chronic viral infection | 74/1,188 | 7.07 | |||||||
| Gender | 1,185 | 0.41 | |||||||
| Men | 29/418 | 8.4 | 1.2 | [0.74–1.94] | 0.467 | ||||
| Women | 45/767 | 6.6 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Age (years) | 1,136 | 0.431 | |||||||
| 18–29 | 21/319 | 6.1 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| 30–39 | 28/387 | 9.1 | 1.11 | [0.62–1.99] | 0.734 | ||||
| 40–82 | 22/430 | 6.0 | 0.77 | [0.41–1.42] | 0.395 | ||||
| Region of origin | 1,167 | <0.001 | |||||||
| North Africa | 3/353 | 1.71 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 42/615 | 7.0 | 8.55 | [2.63–27.80] | <0.001 | 8.03 | [1.82–35.39] | 0.006 | |
| Latin America and US | 18/75 | 33.1 | 36.84 | [10.51–129.09] | <0.001 | 46.11 | [9.06–234.50] | <0.001 | |
| Europe EU | 3/46 | 2.9 | 8.14 | [1.59–41.60] | 0.012 | 20.71 | [2.59–165.66] | 0.004 | |
| Europe non EU | 2/31 | 7.8 | 8.05 | [1.29–50.10] | 0.025 | 5.12 | [0.66–39.83] | 0.118 | |
| Asia | 4/47 | 1.8 | 10.85 | [2.35–50.12] | 0.002 | ||||
| State medical aid (AME) (actual) | 1,184 | 0.084 | |||||||
| Yes | 39/514 | 9.2 | 1.49 | [0.93–2.39] | 0.098 | ||||
| No | 35/670 | 5.5 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| State medical aid (AME) (by the past) | 443 | 0.758 | |||||||
| Yes | 4/106 | 4.3 | 0.62 | [0.21–1.86] | 0.395 | ||||
| No | 20/337 | 5.7 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Perceived health status | 1,184 | 0.878 | |||||||
| Very good | 9/228 | 5.3 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Good | 21/359 | 6.9 | 1.51 | [0.68–3.36] | 0.311 | ||||
| Average | 17/284 | 7.2 | 1.55 | [0.68–3.54] | 0.300 | ||||
| Bad | 18/237 | 8.9 | 2.00 | [0.88–8,455] | 0.098 | ||||
| Very bad | 9/76 | 7.2 | 3.27 | [1.25–8.57] | 0.016 | ||||
| Length of stay in France | 1,182 | 0.619 | |||||||
| <3 months | 11/128 | 4.7 | 1.97 | [0.86–4.52] | 0.111 | ||||
| 3 months–1 year | 18/318 | 8.8 | 1.26 | [0.60–2.61] | 0.543 | ||||
| 1 year–3 years | 25/307 | 8.4 | 1.85 | [0.93–3.70] | 0.080 | ||||
| 3 years–5 years | 7/144 | 7.9 | 1.07 | [0.42–2.74] | 0.889 | ||||
| More than 5 years | 13/285 | 5.0 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Type of housing | 1,181 | 0.419 | |||||||
| Ordinary | 35/522 | 8.8 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Collective | 14/215 | 6.4 | 0.97 | [0.51–1.84] | 0.924 | ||||
| Makeshift | 25/444 | 5.8 | 0.83 | [0.49–1.41] | 0.491 | ||||
| Work activity | 1,178 | 0.311 | |||||||
| Yes | 12/278 | 5.0 | 0.64 | [0.34–1.21] | 0.173 | ||||
| No | 59/900 | 7.4 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Food insecurity | 1,181 | 0.087 | |||||||
| Often | 19/312 | 6.2 | 1.43 | [0.74–2.75] | 0.283 | 3.47 | [1.31–9.19] | 0.012 | |
| Sometimes | 34/431 | 10.1 | 1.89 | [1.06–3.37] | 0.031 | 4.45 | [1.84–10.82] | 0.001 | |
| Never | 19/438 | 4.7 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Capacity to carry 5 kg | 1,175 | 0.126 | |||||||
| Yes, without difficulty | 34/766 | 5.7 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Yes, with some difficulties | 19/191 | 11.8 | 2.38 | [1.32–4.27] | 0.004 | ||||
| Yes with many difficulties | 9/84 | 10.7 | 2.58 | [1.19–5.59] | 0.016 | ||||
| No | 9/134 | 5.5 | 1.55 | [0.73–3.31] | 0.258 | ||||
| Place of recruitment | 1,188 | 0.158 | |||||||
| Espace Solidarité d'Insertion | 8/253 | 2.7 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Associations | 43/395 | 8.8 | 3.74 | [1.73–8.10] | 0.001 | 3.8 | [1.24–11.60] | 0.019 | |
| Free outdoor clinics (PASS) and Doctor to the worlds centers | 14/250 | 6.9 | 1.82 | [0.75–4.41] | 0.187 | 1.64 | [0.47–5.78] | 0.438 | |
| Social security centers (CPAM) | 3/43 | 5.2 | 2.3 | [0.58–9.02] | 0.234 | 8.9 | [1.64–48.24] | 0.011 | |
| Baths/showers | 1/50 | 4.1 | 0.63 | [0.08–5.11] | 0.661 | 0.88 | [0.09–8.49] | 0.915 | |
| Point of access to rights, planning and child protection center, and others | 5/197 | 2.5 | 0.8 | [0.26–2.48] | 0.696 | 1.34 | [0.32–5.63] | 0.694 | |
| Family structure | 1,159 | 0.096 | |||||||
| Alone | 32/458 | 9.2 | 1.68 | [0.90–3.16] | 0.105 | ||||
| Alone with child | 18/221 | 8.6 | 1.99 | [0.98–4.03] | 0.057 | ||||
| In couple without children | 9/129 | 8.0 | 1.68 | [0.72–3.94] | 0.233 | ||||
| In couple with children | 15/351 | 3.1 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Knowledge of French (oral) | 1,187 | 0.010 | |||||||
| Very good/quite good | 38/637 | 6.8 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Not very well/poorly or badly | 10/269 | 3.0 | 0.61 | [0.30–1.24] | 0.171 | ||||
| Non-French speaking | 25/281 | 12.3 | 1.54 | [0.91–2.60] | 0.108 | ||||
| Knowledge of French (reading) | 1,186 | ||||||||
| Very good/quite good | 38/597 | 7.5 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Not very well/poorly or badly | 11/308 | 2.5 | 0.54 | [0.27–1.08] | 0.083 | ||||
| Non-French reading | 25/281 | 12.3 | 1.44 | [0.85–2.43] | 0.177 | ||||
| Administrative status | 1,152 | 0.627 | |||||||
| Receipt | 13/114 | 10.5 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Residence permit in the past | 9/177 | 5.9 | 0.42 | [0.17–1.01] | 0.052 | ||||
| No residence permit but applied for asylum in the past | 6/69 | 5.2 | 0.74 | [0.27–2.05] | 0.562 | ||||
| No residence permit and no asylum application in the past | 37/792 | 6.3 | 0.38 | [0.20–0.74] | 0.004 | ||||
| Reason of migration | 1,016 | 0.002 | |||||||
| Political/security | 26/309 | 10.3 | 0.56 | [0.29–1.07] | 0.078 | 0.51 | [0.20–1.20] | 0.159 | |
| Family | 3/78 | 8.3 | 0.24 | [0.07–0.86] | 0.028 | 0.3 | [0.07–1.30] | 0.108 | |
| Studies | 1/30 | 11.4 | 0.21 | [0.03–1.64] | 0.136 | 0.29 | [0.03–2.58] | 0.266 | |
| Economic | 17/479 | 3.9 | 0.22 | [0.11–0.45] | <0.001 | 0.19 | [0.07–0.49] | 0.001 | |
| Health | 17/120 | 21.0 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
| Income (quintiles) | 1,183 | 0.323 | |||||||
| 1st Quintile | 38/512 | 6.2 | 1.07 | [0.55–2.10] | 0.846 | ||||
| 2d Quintile | 5/162 | 4.3 | 0.42 | [0.15–1.23] | 0.115 | ||||
| 3rd Quintile | 11/170 | 12.2 | 0.92 | [0.40–2.15] | 0.852 | ||||
| 4th Quintile | 8/167 | 6.5 | 0.67 | [0.27–1.69] | 0.396 | ||||
| 5th Quintile | 12/172 | 8.6 | ref | ref | ref | ||||
HIV, HIV infection; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; w%, weighted percentage; cOR, crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; EU, European Union; ref., Reference category.
*
Number of completed data after removal of missing data for the variable.