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. 2022 Aug 4;9:924192. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924192

TABLE 1.

Anti-inflammatory effects of the main Mediterranean diet components.

MD components Active phytochemicals Model of the experiment Result of the study References
Extra virgin olive oil Hydroxytyrosol DDS-induced colitis mice ↓ IL-6, IL-1β
↓ TNF-α
↓ Myeloperoxidase enzyme
↑ Probiotics
(49, 50)
DDS-induced ulcerative colitis mice ↓ NLRP3 inflammasome
↓ IL-18, IL-1β
↓ Caspase-1
(50)
Induced ulcerative colitis albino rats ↓Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase
↓ NO
↓ Mortality rate
↓ Disease activity index
(51)
Oleuropein Induced colitis rats ↓ IL-1β, IL-10
↓ TNF-α
↓ COX-2
↓ iNOS
↓TGF-β1
↓ MCP-1
↓ NF-κB
(67)
DDS-induced colitis mice ↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-6
↓ Neutrophil infiltration
(68)
Tomato Lycopene Ulcerative colitis rat ↓ IL-6, IL-1β
↓ TNF-α
(83)
Ulcerative colitis rat ↓ NF-κB
↓TGF-β1
↓ Caspase-3
↓ GSH
↓ Catalase activity
(84)
DSS-induced colitis mice ↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-1β
↓ iNOS
↓ TLR-4
Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus
↓ Proteobacteria
(360)
DSS-induced colitis mice ↓ Disease activity index score
↓ Colon length
↓ Catalase
↓ GSH-Px
↓ SOD
(85)
Onion Quercetin MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line ↓ NF-?B (135)
DSS-induced colitis mice ↓ GSH (140)
AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer mice ↓ LPO
↓ NO
↓ SOD
↓ G6PD
↓ GSH
(153)
Garlic Allicin Caco-2 cells ↓ p38
↓ JNK
(185)
AA-induced intestinal damage rats ↓ TLR4
↓ NF-κB
↓ SCFAs
(185)
TNBS-induced colitis Wistar rats ↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-6
(186)
Oregano Carvacrol–thymol Weaning-induced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation piglets ↓ TNF
Lactobacillus
(361)
Carvacrol Irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis mice ↓ NF-κB
↓ COX-2
↓ Oxidative stress
↓ NOx
↓ Malondialdehyde
(209)
Saffron Crocin colitis-associated CRC mice ↑ Catalase
↓ Malondialdehyde
(251)
DSS-induced colitis mice ↓ COX-2
↓ TNF-α
↓ NF-?B
↓ iNOS
↓ IL-6, IL-1β
↓ Nrf2
(240)
Crocetin TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis mice ↓ NO
↓ Neutrophil infiltration
↓ Lipid peroxidation
↓ NF-?B
(241)
Rosemary Rosmarinic acid AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer mice ↓ NF-?B
↓ STAT3
(263)
DSS-induced colitis mice ↓ IL-6, IL-1β
↓ TNF-α
↓ iNOS
↓ COX-2
(264)
Whole grains and cereals Arabinoxylan DSS-induced colitis mice ↓ NF-?B
↓ NF-κBp65
↓ TNF-α
(289)
β-D-glucan TNBS-induced colitis Sprague-Dawley rats ↓ IL-6, IL-10, IL-12
↓ CRP
↓ COX
↓ PGE2
↓ TXA2
(291, 292)
Fish n-3 PUFA DNBS-induced chronic colitis BALB/c mice ↓ TNF-α
↓ IFN-γ
↓ IL-17A
(306)
Induced ulcerative colitis rats ↓ IL-1
↓ Caspase-3
↑ Bcl-2
(307)
Grapes Resveratrol HEK-293T cells and HeLa cells ↓ NF-κB
↓ TNF-α
(322)
DSS-induced colitis mice ↓ IL-2, IL-1β, IL-6
↓ IFN-γ
↓ TNF-α
↓ KC/GRO
↓ GM-CSF
(323)
Hazelnuts β-sitosterol/stigmasterol DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6J male mice ↓ Colon shortening
↓ Hemoglobin in feces
↓ NF-κB
(339)
β-sitosterol TNBS-induced colitis mice ↓ Colon shortening
↓ Myeloperoxidase
↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-1, IL-6
↓ COX-2
↓ NF-κB
(340)
DDS-induced colitis male C57BL/6 mice ↓ IL-1, IL-6
↓ TNF-α
(341)
Hot pepper Capsaicin DSS-induced colitis rats ↓ IL-6
↓ TNF-α
(355)
DSS-induced colitis rats ↓ IL-6
↓ TRPV1, TRPA1
↑ SOD
↑ Catalase
(356)
DSS-induced colitis wide-type mice ↓ TRPV4 (357)