TABLE 1.
Anti-inflammatory effects of the main Mediterranean diet components.
| MD components | Active phytochemicals | Model of the experiment | Result of the study | References |
| Extra virgin olive oil | Hydroxytyrosol | DDS-induced colitis mice | ↓ IL-6, IL-1β ↓ TNF-α ↓ Myeloperoxidase enzyme ↑ Probiotics |
(49, 50) |
| DDS-induced ulcerative colitis mice | ↓ NLRP3 inflammasome ↓ IL-18, IL-1β ↓ Caspase-1 |
(50) | ||
| Induced ulcerative colitis albino rats | ↓Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase ↓ NO ↓ Mortality rate ↓ Disease activity index |
(51) | ||
| Oleuropein | Induced colitis rats | ↓ IL-1β, IL-10 ↓ TNF-α ↓ COX-2 ↓ iNOS ↓TGF-β1 ↓ MCP-1 ↓ NF-κB |
(67) | |
| DDS-induced colitis mice | ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-6 ↓ Neutrophil infiltration |
(68) | ||
| Tomato | Lycopene | Ulcerative colitis rat | ↓ IL-6, IL-1β ↓ TNF-α |
(83) |
| Ulcerative colitis rat | ↓ NF-κB ↓TGF-β1 ↓ Caspase-3 ↓ GSH ↓ Catalase activity |
(84) | ||
| DSS-induced colitis mice | ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1β ↓ iNOS ↓ TLR-4 ↓ Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus ↓ Proteobacteria |
(360) | ||
| DSS-induced colitis mice | ↓ Disease activity index score ↓ Colon length ↓ Catalase ↓ GSH-Px ↓ SOD |
(85) | ||
| Onion | Quercetin | MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line | ↓ NF-?B | (135) |
| DSS-induced colitis mice | ↓ GSH | (140) | ||
| AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer mice | ↓ LPO ↓ NO ↓ SOD ↓ G6PD ↓ GSH |
(153) | ||
| Garlic | Allicin | Caco-2 cells | ↓ p38 ↓ JNK |
(185) |
| AA-induced intestinal damage rats | ↓ TLR4 ↓ NF-κB ↓ SCFAs |
(185) | ||
| TNBS-induced colitis Wistar rats | ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-6 |
(186) | ||
| Oregano | Carvacrol–thymol | Weaning-induced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation piglets | ↓ TNF ↑ Lactobacillus |
(361) |
| Carvacrol | Irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis mice | ↓ NF-κB ↓ COX-2 ↓ Oxidative stress ↓ NOx ↓ Malondialdehyde |
(209) | |
| Saffron | Crocin | colitis-associated CRC mice | ↑ Catalase ↓ Malondialdehyde |
(251) |
| DSS-induced colitis mice | ↓ COX-2 ↓ TNF-α ↓ NF-?B ↓ iNOS ↓ IL-6, IL-1β ↓ Nrf2 |
(240) | ||
| Crocetin | TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis mice | ↓ NO ↓ Neutrophil infiltration ↓ Lipid peroxidation ↓ NF-?B |
(241) | |
| Rosemary | Rosmarinic acid | AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer mice | ↓ NF-?B ↓ STAT3 |
(263) |
| DSS-induced colitis mice | ↓ IL-6, IL-1β ↓ TNF-α ↓ iNOS ↓ COX-2 |
(264) | ||
| Whole grains and cereals | Arabinoxylan | DSS-induced colitis mice | ↓ NF-?B ↓ NF-κBp65 ↓ TNF-α |
(289) |
| β-D-glucan | TNBS-induced colitis Sprague-Dawley rats | ↓ IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 ↓ CRP ↓ COX ↓ PGE2 ↓ TXA2 |
(291, 292) | |
| Fish | n-3 PUFA | DNBS-induced chronic colitis BALB/c mice | ↓ TNF-α ↓ IFN-γ ↓ IL-17A |
(306) |
| Induced ulcerative colitis rats | ↓ IL-1 ↓ Caspase-3 ↑ Bcl-2 |
(307) | ||
| Grapes | Resveratrol | HEK-293T cells and HeLa cells | ↓ NF-κB ↓ TNF-α |
(322) |
| DSS-induced colitis mice | ↓ IL-2, IL-1β, IL-6 ↓ IFN-γ ↓ TNF-α ↓ KC/GRO ↓ GM-CSF |
(323) | ||
| Hazelnuts | β-sitosterol/stigmasterol | DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6J male mice | ↓ Colon shortening ↓ Hemoglobin in feces ↓ NF-κB |
(339) |
| β-sitosterol | TNBS-induced colitis mice | ↓ Colon shortening ↓ Myeloperoxidase ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1, IL-6 ↓ COX-2 ↓ NF-κB |
(340) | |
| DDS-induced colitis male C57BL/6 mice | ↓ IL-1, IL-6 ↓ TNF-α |
(341) | ||
| Hot pepper | Capsaicin | DSS-induced colitis rats | ↓ IL-6 ↓ TNF-α |
(355) |
| DSS-induced colitis rats | ↓ IL-6 ↓ TRPV1, TRPA1 ↑ SOD ↑ Catalase |
(356) | ||
| DSS-induced colitis wide-type mice | ↓ TRPV4 | (357) |