Table 1.
Mendelian randomization estimates between right handgrip strength and cardiovascular diseases.
| Outcomes | SNP selection | No. of SNPs | IVW | Weighted median | Simple median | MR-Egger |
MR-PRESSO† (outlier-corrected) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
| CAD | All | 160 | 0.956 (0.938–0.974) |
2.16E-06* | 0.953 (0.932–0.975) |
2.87E-05* | 0.957 (0.936–0.979) |
1.11E-04* | 0.888 (0.816–0.966) |
0.006# | 0.962 (0.945–0.978) |
1.76E-05* |
| Remove | 128 | 0.957 (0.939–0.976) |
8.08E-06* | 0.952 (0.929–0.976) |
8.66E-05* | 0.957 (0.934–0.98) |
3.65E-04* | 0.901 (0.828–0.981) |
0.016# | NA | NA | |
| MI | All | 160 | 0.957 (0.938–0.977) |
3.30E-05* | 0.959 (0.935–0.983) |
7.71E-04* | 0.966 (0.943–0.990) |
0.006# | 0.866 (0.790–0.949) |
0.002* | 0.957 (0.938–0.976) |
1.89E-05* |
| Remove | 128 | 0.958 (0.938–0.979) |
8.41E-05* | 0.956 (0.931–0.982) |
0.001* | 0.966 (0.941–0.992) |
0.011# | 0.880 (0.802–0.965) |
0.007# | NA | NA | |
| AF | All | 160 | 0.967 (0.950–0.984) |
2.22E-04* | 0.969 (0.953–0.986) |
2.61E-04* | 0.979 (0.963–0.996) |
0.015# | 0.913 (0.846–0.986) |
0.020# | 0.967 (0.952–0.982) |
3.60E-05* |
| Remove | 127 | 0.964 (0.947–0.981) |
5.26E-05* | 0.972 (0.953–0.990) |
0.003# | 0.979 (0.961–0.998) |
0.030# | 0.942 (0.874–1.016) |
0.120 | 0.963 (0.947–0.98) |
4.18E-05* | |
| HF | All | 160 | 1.003 (0.989–1.018) |
0.667 | 1.006 (0.988–1.024) |
0.505 | 1.002 (0.984–1.020) |
0.846 | 0.992 (0.932–1.056) |
0.796 | NA | NA |
| Remove | 127 | 1.002 (0.987–1.017) |
0.836 | 1.006 (0.986–1.027) |
0.550 | 1.001 (0.981–1.021) |
0.925 | 0.986 (0.926–1.051) |
0.667 | NA | NA | |
| Hypertension | All | 160 | 0.986 (0.957–1.015) |
0.333 | 1.006 (0.967–1.046) |
0.757 | 1.008 (0.970–1.048) |
0.678 | 0.983 (0.857–1.128) |
0.806 | NA | NA |
| Remove | 128 | 0.979 (0.947–1.011) |
0.197 | 1.007 (0.964–1.053) |
0.747 | 1.006 (0.964–1.050) |
0.787 | 0.964 (0.833–1.115) |
0.621 | NA | NA | |
| IS | All | 160 | 0.995 (0.979–1.012) |
0.592 | 1.002 (0.979–1.026) |
0.873 | 1.003 (0.980–1.026) |
0.817 | 0.959 (0.890–1.034) |
0.276 | NA | NA |
| Remove | 128 | 0.996 (0.977–1.015) |
0.664 | 1.003 (0.977–1.029) |
0.831 | 1.011 (0.987–1.037) |
0.370 | 0.962 (0.888–1.043) |
0.350 | NA | NA | |
| CS | All | 160 | 0.999 (0.969–1.030) |
0.954 | 0.993 (0.952–1.036) |
0.753 | 0.985 (0.944–1.028) |
0.496 | 0.990 (0.862–1.137) |
0.886 | NA | NA |
| Remove | 128 | 0.988 (0.954–1.023) |
0.500 | 0.988 (0.942–1.037) |
0.630 | 0.985 (0.939–1.033) |
0.527 | 0.977 (0.840–1.137) |
0.766 | NA | NA | |
| LAS | All | 160 | 0.959 (0.922–0.999) |
0.042# | 0.957 (0.905–1.013) |
0.133 | 0.966 (0.914–1.021) |
0.223 | 0.859 (0.718–1.028) |
0.097 | NA | NA |
| Remove | 128 | 0.949 (0.910–0.99) |
0.015# | 0.961 (0.902–1.023) |
0.211 | 0.970 (0.912–1.03) |
0.320 | 0.850 (0.708–1.021) |
0.082 | NA | NA | |
| SVS | All | 160 | 1.016 (0.981–1.052) |
0.369 | 1.198 (1.137–1.263) |
1.10E-11* | 1.213 (1.151–1.277) |
3.02E-13* | 1.217 (1.044–1.420) |
0.012# | NA | NA |
| Remove | 128 | 1.019 (0.980–1.060) |
0.340 | 1.206 (1.136–1.280) |
9.28E-10* | 1.233 (1.161–1.308) |
5.84E-12* | 1.257 (1.063–1.485) |
0.007# | NA | NA | |
CAD, coronary artery disease; MI, myocardial infarction; AF, atrial fibrillation; HF, heart failure; IS, ischemic stroke; CS, cardioembolic stroke; LAS, large artery stroke; SVS, small vessel stroke; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals, IVW, inverse-variance-weighted method; MR-PRESSO, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier method; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
*p < 0.0028.
#p < 0.05.
†Details of outliers were displayed in Supplementary Table 9.