FIGURE 3.

The possible common mechanisms by which H. pylori induces these systemic diseases can be summarized into two promising hypotheses: Hypotheses 1. Since Helicobacter pylori can induce several inflammatory factors, such as IL-1/2/6/8/10, TNF-α and IFN-γ, these factors may lead to chronic low-level systemic inflammation in the human body and ultimately represent diseases (Franceschi et al., 2014). Typical disorders due to H. pylori-induced inflammatory factors turbulence include: atherosclerosis (de Boer et al., 2000), insulin resistance (Cheng et al., 2017), blood-brain barrier damage, brain neurodegenerative disease (Efthymiou et al., 2017), and decreased sperm motility (Figura et al., 2002).