Table 3.
Overview of included citations.
| Author & year | Country | Study design & data collection method | Study population | Types of identified GDM stigma |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lawson & Rajaram, 1994 | United States | Qualitative research; Interviews | 17 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Levy-Shiff et al, 2002 | Israel | Case-control study; questionnaires and clinical measures | 153 pregnant women with singleton offspring. 53 had PGDM*, 51 had GDM and 40 had nondiabetic pregnancy | Internalised stigma |
| Evans & O'Brien, 2005 | Canada | Qualitative research; Interviews | 12 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Hjelm et al, 2008 | Sweden | Qualitative research; Interviews | 23 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Graco et al, 2009 | Australia | Qualitative research; Interviews | 10 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Doran & Davis, 2010 | Tonga | Qualitative research; Interviews | 11 women who had developed GDM in the previous 12 months and 10 health professionals | Internalised stigma |
| Razee et al, 2010 | Australia | Qualitative research; Interviews | 57 women who had GDM 6-26 months previously | Internalised stigma |
| Persson et al, 2010 | Sweden | Qualitative research; Interviews | 10 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Wazqar & Evans, 2012 | Canada | Qualitative research; Interviews | 12 women diagnosed with GDM |
Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Carolan et al, 2012 | Australia | Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions | 15 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Nielsen et al, 2012 | 8 low and middle-income countries | Case report; Interviews | 10 GDM project managers | Experienced discrimination |
| Hirst et al, 2012 | Vietnam | Qualitative research; Focus group discussions | 34 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Abraham & Wilk, 2014 | United States | Qualitative research; Interviews | 10 women with a history of GDM in the last 2 to 5 years | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Ghaffari et al, 2014 | Iran | Qualitative research; Interviews | 25 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Neufeld, 2014 | United States | Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions | 25 health advisors and 29 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination |
| Hui et al, 2014 | United States | Mixed method | 30 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Tang et al, 2015 | United States | Qualitative research; Interviews | 23 women diagnosed with GDM within 12 months of delivery | Internalised stigma |
| Kilgour 2015 | Australia | Qualitative research; Interviews | 13 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Burkett et al, 2016a | South Africa | Qualitative research; Focus group discussions | 16 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination |
| Darroch et al, 2016 | Canada | Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions | 26 women diagnosed with GDM (1 excluded from analysis) | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Ge et al, 2016 | China | Qualitative research; Interviews | 17 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Whitty-Rogers et al, 2016 | United States | Qualitative research; Interviews | 9 Mikmaq women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination |
| Draffin et al, 2016 | United Kingdom | Qualitative research; Focus group discussions | 19 women currently pregnant with GDM or a history of GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Gray et al, 2017 | United States | Qualitative research; Focus group discussions | 16 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Jarvie et al, 2017 | United Kingdom | Qualitative research; Interviews | 27 women with co-existing BMI >30 and GDM | Experienced discrimination |
| Carolan-Olah et al, 2017 | United States | Qualitative research; Interviews | 18 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Stotz et al, 2017 | United States | Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions | 5 women with a previous diagnosis of GDM and/or T2D during pregnancy | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Svensson et al, 2018 | Denmark | Qualitative research; Interviews | 6 women diagnosed with GDM (1 during pregnancy, 5 postpartum) | Internalised stigma |
| Eades et al, 2018 | Scotland, United Kingdom | Qualitative research; Interviews | 16 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Siad et al, 2018 | Canada | Mixed method | 10 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination |
| Parsons et al, 2018 | United Kingdom | Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions | 50 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| McParlin et al, 2019 | United Kingdom | Qualitative research; Interviews | 12 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Parsons et al, 2019 | United Kingdom | Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions | 35 women with previous GDM participated in focus groups and 15 women with previous GDM participated in semi-structured interviews | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Casey et al, 2019 | Australia | Qualitative research; Interviews | 6 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Kilgour et al, 2019 | Australia | Mixed method | 13 women diagnosed with GDM, 24 clinicians (interviews); 79 discharge summaries; and 30 GPs and 30 hospital doctors participated in the survey. | Internalised stigma |
| Harrison et al, 2019 | Australia | Qualitative research; Interviews | 27 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Dickson et al, 2020 | South Africa | Qualitative research; Focus group discussions | 10 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Eades et al, 2020 | Online – authors from the United Kingdom | Qualitative research; Framework analysis | 646 posts in 137 threads from 282 unique users | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Boyd et al, 2020 | England | Qualitative research; Interviews | 27 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination |
| Muhwava et al, 2020 | South Africa | Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions | 35 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Jakobsen et al, 2021 | Denmark | Qualitative research; Interviews | 9 women with prior GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Ørtenblad et al, 2021 | Denmark | Qualitative research; focus group discussions | 32 women with current or prior GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
| Sharma et al, 2021 | Norway | Qualitative research; focus group discussions | 28 women diagnosed with GDM | Internalised stigma |
| Toft et al, 2021 | Norway | Qualitative research; Interviews | 14 women diagnosed with GDM | Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma |
a
Non-peer reviewed master thesis, *Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus.