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. 2022 Aug 11;52:101614. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101614

Table 3.

Overview of included citations.

Author & year Country Study design & data collection method Study population Types of identified GDM stigma
Lawson & Rajaram, 1994 United States Qualitative research; Interviews 17 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Levy-Shiff et al, 2002 Israel Case-control study; questionnaires and clinical measures 153 pregnant women with singleton offspring. 53 had PGDM*, 51 had GDM and 40 had nondiabetic pregnancy Internalised stigma
Evans & O'Brien, 2005 Canada Qualitative research; Interviews 12 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Hjelm et al, 2008 Sweden Qualitative research; Interviews 23 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Graco et al, 2009 Australia Qualitative research; Interviews 10 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Doran & Davis, 2010 Tonga Qualitative research; Interviews 11 women who had developed GDM in the previous 12 months and 10 health professionals Internalised stigma
Razee et al, 2010 Australia Qualitative research; Interviews 57 women who had GDM 6-26 months previously Internalised stigma
Persson et al, 2010 Sweden Qualitative research; Interviews 10 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Wazqar & Evans, 2012 Canada Qualitative research; Interviews 12 women diagnosed with GDM
Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Carolan et al, 2012 Australia Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions 15 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Nielsen et al, 2012 8 low and middle-income countries Case report; Interviews 10 GDM project managers Experienced discrimination
Hirst et al, 2012 Vietnam Qualitative research; Focus group discussions 34 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Abraham & Wilk, 2014 United States Qualitative research; Interviews 10 women with a history of GDM in the last 2 to 5 years Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Ghaffari et al, 2014 Iran Qualitative research; Interviews 25 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Neufeld, 2014 United States Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions 25 health advisors and 29 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination
Hui et al, 2014 United States Mixed method 30 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Tang et al, 2015 United States Qualitative research; Interviews 23 women diagnosed with GDM within 12 months of delivery Internalised stigma
Kilgour 2015 Australia Qualitative research; Interviews 13 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Burkett et al, 2016a South Africa Qualitative research; Focus group discussions 16 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination
Darroch et al, 2016 Canada Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions 26 women diagnosed with GDM (1 excluded from analysis) Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Ge et al, 2016 China Qualitative research; Interviews 17 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Whitty-Rogers et al, 2016 United States Qualitative research; Interviews 9 Mikmaq women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination
Draffin et al, 2016 United Kingdom Qualitative research; Focus group discussions 19 women currently pregnant with GDM or a history of GDM Internalised stigma
Gray et al, 2017 United States Qualitative research; Focus group discussions 16 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Jarvie et al, 2017 United Kingdom Qualitative research; Interviews 27 women with co-existing BMI >30 and GDM Experienced discrimination
Carolan-Olah et al, 2017 United States Qualitative research; Interviews 18 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Stotz et al, 2017 United States Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions 5 women with a previous diagnosis of GDM and/or T2D during pregnancy Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Svensson et al, 2018 Denmark Qualitative research; Interviews 6 women diagnosed with GDM (1 during pregnancy, 5 postpartum) Internalised stigma
Eades et al, 2018 Scotland, United Kingdom Qualitative research; Interviews 16 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Siad et al, 2018 Canada Mixed method 10 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination
Parsons et al, 2018 United Kingdom Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions 50 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
McParlin et al, 2019 United Kingdom Qualitative research; Interviews 12 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Parsons et al, 2019 United Kingdom Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions 35 women with previous GDM participated in focus groups and 15 women with previous GDM participated in semi-structured interviews Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Casey et al, 2019 Australia Qualitative research; Interviews 6 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Kilgour et al, 2019 Australia Mixed method 13 women diagnosed with GDM, 24 clinicians (interviews); 79 discharge summaries; and 30 GPs and 30 hospital doctors participated in the survey. Internalised stigma
Harrison et al, 2019 Australia Qualitative research; Interviews 27 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Dickson et al, 2020 South Africa Qualitative research; Focus group discussions 10 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Eades et al, 2020 Online – authors from the United Kingdom Qualitative research; Framework analysis 646 posts in 137 threads from 282 unique users Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Boyd et al, 2020 England Qualitative research; Interviews 27 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination
Muhwava et al, 2020 South Africa Qualitative research; Interviews & focus group discussions 35 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Jakobsen et al, 2021 Denmark Qualitative research; Interviews 9 women with prior GDM Internalised stigma
Ørtenblad et al, 2021 Denmark Qualitative research; focus group discussions 32 women with current or prior GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
Sharma et al, 2021 Norway Qualitative research; focus group discussions 28 women diagnosed with GDM Internalised stigma
Toft et al, 2021 Norway Qualitative research; Interviews 14 women diagnosed with GDM Experienced discrimination & Internalised stigma
a

Non-peer reviewed master thesis, *Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus.