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. 2022 Aug 4;13:952071. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952071

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Copyright © 2022 Che, Ye, Zhang, Lin, Yang, Liang and Zeng

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram of the mechanism of MSCs treatment in IBDs. (A) The secretion of anti-proliferative soluble factors. (B) Cell-To-Cell Contact. (C) Exosomes treatment. (D) Mitochondria transfer. (E) MSCs express PD-L1.