Table 1.
Hazard ratios by individual healthy lifestyle factors by CLD subtypes.
| HR (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. events | Smoking | Alcohol | Physical inactivity | Central adiposity | |
| Baseline → FCLD | 1.51 (1.42, 1.61) | 1.64 (1.50, 1.79) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16) | |
| Baseline → NAFLD | 743 | 1.11 (0.93, 1.31) | 1.84 (1.45, 2.34) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.92) | 3.16 (2.72, 3.67) |
| Baseline → Viral hepatitis | 1638 | 1.39 (1.25, 1.55) | 1.58 (1.36, 1.84) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) |
| Baseline → Cirrhosis | 1237 | 1.50 (1.33, 1.69) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.08) |
| Baseline → Liver cancer | 1999 | 1.95 (1.77, 2.14) | 1.52 (1.34, 1.74) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) |
| FCLD → LCC | 1.08 (0.89, 1.30) | 1.38 (1.08, 1.76) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.57) | |
| NAFLD → LCC | 182 | 0.79 (0.55, 1.12) | 1.43 (0.88, 2.33) | 1.35 (0.94, 1.94) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.34) |
| Viral hepatitis → LCC | 178 | 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) | 1.84 (1.21, 2.81) | 1.19 (0.79, 1.81) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.39) |
| Cirrhosis → LCC | 135 | 1.74 (1.21, 2.50) | 1.06 (0.57, 1.97) | 0.96 (0.63, 1.48) | 1.70 (1.19, 2.43) |
| Liver cancer → LCC | 86 | 1.02 (0.63, 1.66) | 1.30 (0.69, 2.44) | 1.51 (0.74, 3.10) | 1.56 (0.97, 2.49) |
| Baseline → Death | 15983 | 1.68 (1.62, 1.74) | 1.30 (1.23, 1.36) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 0.73 (0.70, 0.76) |
| FCLD → Death | 1.62 (1.48, 1.77) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 1.27 (1.13, 1.42) | 0.64 (0.58, 0.71) | |
| NAFLD → Death | 25 | 1.66 (0.65, 4.26) | 2.39 (0.90, 6.34) | 1.72 (0.57, 5.17) | 0.65 (0.28, 1.51) |
| Viral hepatitis → Death | 810 | 1.60 (1.29, 1.98) | 1.35 (1.03, 1.77) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.88, 1.36) |
| Cirrhosis → Death | 391 | 1.76 (1.42, 2.17) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.48) | 1.20 (0.92, 1.57) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) |
| Liver cancer → Death | 1659 | 1.26 (1.13, 1.41) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) |
| LCC → Death | 645 | 1.68 (1.42, 1.99) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.51) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.52) | 0.72 (0.61, 0.84) |
Abbreviations: FCLD, first chronic liver disease; FCMD, first cardiometabolic disease; LCC, liver-cardiometabolic comorbidity.
The model was adjusted for age at baseline, sex, study area, education, BMI, HBsAg, and self-rated health, with additional adjustment for the other lifestyle factors.