Table 2.
Descriptive statistics
| Variable | Definition | Data source | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variables | |||||||
| Evaluation of patriotism | Two-item scale (α = 0.77) | ISSP | 7.35 | 1.89 | 2 | 10 | 33,332 |
| Patriotism | Three-item scale (α = 0.73) | ISSP | 7.47 | 2.27 | 3 | 12 | 32,146 |
| Individual level | |||||||
| Sex | (1 = male) | ISSP | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 36,919 |
| Age | in years (imp.) | ISSP | 47.86 | 17.4 | 10 | 112 | 36,919 |
| Education | years of schooling (imp.) | ISSP | 12.57 | 4.2 | 0 | 76 | 36,919 |
| Immigration background | self and/or parents (1 = no) | ISSP | 0.88 | 0.32 | 0 | 1 | 36,919 |
| Regional identification | Two-item scale (α = 0.76) | ISSP | 6.11 | 1.46 | 2 | 8 | 35,664 |
| Nationalism (chauvinistic) | Three-item scale (α = 0.69) | ISSP | 10.22 | 2.57 | 3 | 15 | 33,752 |
| Context level | |||||||
| Regional authority index | (z-score) | Hooghe et al. (2016) | 0.00 | 1.01 | − 1.24 | 2.12 | 29 |
| Autonomous region | (1 = yes) | Cruz et al. (2018) | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 | 29 |
| Effective democracy index | WVS, Welzel (2015) | 0.67 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 29 | |
| Willingness to fight for country index | (1 = yes) | WVS, Welzel (2015) | 0.66 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 29 |
| Net migration rate 2015 | IOM | 1.16 | 4.13 | − 9.7 | 9.8 | 29 | |
| Regional level | |||||||
| Regional identification | Aggregated | ISSP | 6.11 | 0.47 | 3 | 7.87 | 421 |
| Nationalism (völkisch) | Aggregated | ISSP | 7.10 | 0.73 | 3 | 9 | 421 |
| Anti-immigrant sentiment | Aggregated | ISSP | 24.11 | 2.26 | 10 | 34 | 421 |
| Urban region | Aggregated | ISSP | 42.30 | 28.73 | 0 | 100 | 421 |