Table 3.
Baseline, control, and individual models
| Model (0) | Model (1) | Model (2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Control | Individual | |||||
| Evaluation | Patriotism | Evaluation | Patriotism | Evaluation | Patriotism | ||
| β/(SE) | β/(SE) | β/(SE) | β/(SE) | β/(SE) | β/(SE) | ||
| Individual level | |||||||
| Sex (1 = male) | 0.0196 | 0.0169 | 0.0065 | 0.0134 | |||
| (0.0103) | (0.0095) | (0.0100) | (0.0092) | ||||
| Age (z-score) | 0.0475*** | 0.0258*** | − 0.0143** | − 0.0205*** | |||
| (0.0055) | (0.0051) | (0.0054) | (0.0050) | ||||
| Education (z-score) | − 0.1085*** | 0.0070 | − 0.0681*** | 0.0386*** | |||
| (0.0062) | (0.0056) | (0.0061) | (0.0056) | ||||
| Immigration background (1 = no) | 0.0766*** | − 0.0819*** | 0.0199 | − 0.1333*** | |||
| (0.0179) | (0.0164) | (0.0176) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Nationalism (chauv.) (z-score) | 0.3541*** | 0.2813*** | |||||
| (0.0346) | (0.0502) | ||||||
| Regional identification (z-score) | 0.0873** | 0.0940 | |||||
| (0.0346) | (0.0502) | ||||||
| Country level | |||||||
| Net migration rate 2015 (z-score) | 0.0074 | 0.2685*** | |||||
| (0.0531) | (0.0619) | ||||||
| Willingness to fight for country (z-score) | 0.0285 | 0.0495 | |||||
| (0.0530) | (0.0619) | ||||||
| Effective democracy index 1996–2006 (z-score) | − 0.1996** | 0.2038** | |||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0640) | ||||||
| Regional authority index (z-score) | |||||||
| Autonomous region (1 = yes) | |||||||
| Regional level | |||||||
| Urban region (z-score) | − 0.0346* | 0.0123 | |||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0134) | ||||||
| Nationalism (völk. agg., z-score) | |||||||
| Anti-immigrant sentiment (agg. z-score) | |||||||
| Regional identification (agg., z-score) | |||||||
| Constant | − 0.0880 | − 0.0382 | − 0.1679** | 0.0487 | − 0.1013** | 0.0753 | |
| (0.0621) | (0.0940) | (0.0528) | (0.0604) | (0.0383) | (0.0525) | ||
| Level 3: regions | 0.0403*** | 0.0344*** | 0.0362*** | 0.0345*** | 0.0125*** | 0.0119*** | |
| (0.0046) | (0.0038) | (0.0042) | (0.0038) | (0.0012) | (0.0011) | ||
| Level 2: countries | 0.1060*** | 0.2512*** | 0.0664*** | 0.0927*** | 0.0321*** | 0.0707*** | |
| (0.0292) | (0.0644) | (0.0188) | (0.0259) | (0.0052) | (0.0111) | ||
| Level 1: individuals | 0.8882*** | 0.7170*** | 0.8747*** | 0.7158*** | 0.7339*** | 0.6125*** | |
| (0.0069) | (0.0057) | (0.0068) | (0.0057) | (0.0060) | (0.0051) | ||
| − 2 log-likelihood | 91233.246 | 81160.979 | 90691.616 | 81079.513 | 78119.072 | 70713.379 | |
| n regions | 421 | 421 | 421 | 421 | 421 | 421 | |
| n countries | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | |
| n individual | 33,332 | 32,146 | 33,332 | 32,146 | 30,495 | 29,637 | |