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. 2022 Aug 18;13:4858. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32569-6

Fig. 3. Co-evolved levels of virulence and immunocompetence in each sex.

Fig. 3

Panel A presents the case when there are no differences between the sexes. In the absence of differences between the sexes, trajectories converge to the main diagonal (the van Baalen axis), recovering previous non-sex-specific co-evolutionary results27. Panel B presents the case when the only difference between the sexes is the mother-to-child transmission rate, that is v > 0 and cf = cm. Panels C, D present the case when the only difference between the sexes is the fitness cost of immunocompetence, that is cf ≠ cm and v = 0. Results are based on c0 = 0.01 (panels B–D), bmax = 2, βmax = 1.1, d = 4, μ = 0.1, and v ranges between 0 and 0.9. See Methods for an explanation of model parameters. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.