Table 1. Characteristics of 13 studies included in the present article .

First author	Study design	Number of institutions	Number of participants and Type of participation	Number and type of teams participated
Fernandez 2020	Quantitative	1	79 second- and third-year emergency medicine and general surgical residents at the University of Washington Trauma resuscitations were video recorded and coded using outcome measures.	1 trauma team at the University of Washington
MO 2019	Mixed	1	Phase 1. Quantitative: 21 members from trauma team were interviewed Phase 2. Quantitative: 64 members from trauma team completed DCE (Discrete Choice Experiment) questionnaire Trauma team included physicians (resident, fellow, or attending), nurses, x-ray technologists, respiratory therapists, etc.	1 Pediatric trauma team
Oza 2018	Mixed	2	Phase 1. Developing LOFT (Leadership Observation Feedback Tool): Internal medicine and pediatric residents were surveyed (20), completed a Delphi questionnaire (15) and participated in a pilot study (78). Phase 2. LOFT testing: 377 team members (attending physicians, fellows, and residents, nurses, pharmacists, medical students, and allied health professionals) completed LOFT for 95 residents.	5 Clinical teams
Stone 2017	Mixed	1	7 surgeons and 82 non-surgeons (phase 1) and 5 surgeons and 105 non-surgeons (phase 2) were surveyed to measure surgical staff member perceptions and attitudes about themselves, their teams, and team dynamics. -Cases involving 7surgeons (phase1) and 4 surgeons (phase2) were observed to collect data about interactions between surgeons and non-surgeons during individual surgical procedures. - 7 surgeons and 116 team members were interviewed to gain insights on contextual influences underlying observed interactions Non-surgeons included scrub technicians/nurses, circulating nurses, physician assistants, perfusionists, anesthesiologists, and trainees (e.g. surgical fellows, anesthesia residents.	Number not stated Surgical teams
Leenstra 2016	Mixed	3	28 participants including 5 surgeons, 3 surgical residents, 8 emergency physicians, 1 resident emergency physician, 1 anesthesiologist, 2 anesthesiology residents and 8 emergency nurses, were interviewed (critical incident type).	Number not stated Trauma teams
Coolen 2015	Quantitative	1	12 pediatric residents participated in 48 team simulations of a pediatric critical-care event. 38 residents were surveyed to assess the specific needs in leadership training as felt by them.	Number not stated Pediatric emergency teams
Parker 2014	Quantitative	3	Videos of 29 operations from Surgical teams (surgeons, surgical residents, nurses, anesthesiologists were analyzed.	Number not stated Surgical teams
Parker 2013	Mixed	1	Phase 1. Qualitative: 106 participants, including surgeons, trainees, anesthetists, nurses participated in 10 focus groups. Phase 2. Testing taxonomy: 2 psychologists rated 5 videos of live surgery.	1 Operating room team
Grant 2012	Mixed	5	Phase 1.8 pediatric acute care physician educators (3 from emergency medicine, 4 from critical care, and one practicing in both subspecialties) from five pediatric tertiary care hospitals in Canada participated in a Delphi method to develop pediatric resuscitation team leader evaluation tool as members of an Expert Working Group (EWG). Phase 2. 30 residents on two videotaped scenarios were assessed by 4 pediatricians using pediatric resuscitation team leader evaluation tool for Instrument psychometric testing.	Number not stated Pediatric resuscitation team
Parker 2012	Quantitative	3	20 surgeons Observed at 29 surgery Participants included consultant surgeons, surgical trainees, circulating nurses, scrub nurses, and anesthetists	22 Surgical teams
Reader 2011	Qualitative	7	25 senior ICU physicians were interviewed (critical incident technique).	Number not stated ICU teams
Künzle 2010	Quantitative	1	26 residents and nurses videotaped during simulated anesthesia inductions. Videotapes were analyzed using the software ATLAS ti.	12 Anesthesia teams
Edmondson 2003	Qualitative	16	165 members from 16 Operating Room teams (Surgeons, Anesthesiologists, OR nurses perfusionists, Cardiologists, intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, general care unit (or floor) nurses, senior hospital agents), were interviewed.	16 Operating Room teams