Table 7. Industrially Important Alkyl Esters Synthesized Using the Fly Ash FS-1 Catalysta.
| entry | carboxylic acid | alcohol | products | yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | adipic acid | methanol | dimethyl adipate | 98 |
| 2 | stearic acid | methanol | methyl stearate | 98 |
| 3 | stearic acid | isopropyl alcohol | isopropyl stearate | 95 |
| 4 | stearic acid | ethylene glycol | ethylene glycol stearate | 95 |
| 5 | phthalic anhydride | n-octanol | dioctyl phthalate | 97 |
a
Reaction Conditions: carboxylic acid: 1 mol, alcohol: 6 mol for dibasic esters, alcohol: 3 mol for monobasic esters, alcohol: 1.5 mol for diol ester, catalyst: FS-1, 10% wt/wt, reaction time: 4 h, and reaction temperature: 200 °C.