Table 3.
Associations between belonging to a risk group and low HRQoL, mental health problems, anxiety and depressive symptoms measured using odds ratios for 11- to 17-year-olds across Waves 1, 2, and 3 of the COPSY study
| Low HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10) | Wave 1 |
Wave 2 |
Wave 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Risk groupa | 2.079 (1.465; 2.950) | 2.653 (1.894; 3.717) | 2.364 (1.722; 3.245) |
| Female | 1.418 (0.878; 2.290) | 1.003 (0.648; 1.551) | 1.008 (0.668; 1.519) |
| 14–17 years | 0.917 (0.610; 1.378) | 1.211 (0.842; 1.742) | 0.921 (0.643; 1.319) |
| Female 14–17 years | 0.954 (0.542; 1.679) | 1.152 (0.680; 1.950) | 1.448 (0.870; 2.413) |
| Nagelkerke's Pseudo-R2 | 0.033 | 0.048 | 0.042 |
| Hosmer–Lemeshow test of fit |
p = .776 |
p = .983 |
p = .571 |
| Mental health problems (SDQ) |
Wave 1 |
Wave 2 |
Wave 3 |
| OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
|
| Risk groupa | 2.731 (2.012; 3.707) | 2.764 (2.080; 3.674) | 3.049 (2.278; 4.081) |
| Female | 0.594 (0.375; 0.940) | 0.640 (0.406; 1.007) | 0.817 (0.493; 1.354) |
| 11–13 years | 0.716 (0.463; 1.106) | 0.771 (0.508; 1.170) | 1.335 (0.852; 2.091) |
| 14–17 years | 0.318 (0.207; 0.488) | 0.412 (0.274; 0.618) | 0.621 (0.401; 0.962) |
| Female 11–13 years | 1.476 (0.770; 2.828) | 1.016 (0.532; 1.939) | 0.748 (0.377; 1.485) |
| Female 14–17 years | 1.365 (0.706; 2.639) | 1.653 (0.906; 3.018) | 1.235 (0.643; 2.373) |
| Nagelkerke's Pseudo-R2 | 0.095 | 0.071 | 0.071 |
| Hosmer–Lemeshow test of fit |
p = .854 |
p = .857 |
p = .428 |
| Generalized anxiety (SCARED) |
Wave 1 |
Wave 2 |
Wave 3 |
| OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
|
| Risk groupa | 2.183 (1.506; 3.163) | 1.687 (1.206; 2.361) | 1.297 (0.923; 1.823) |
| Female | 1.088 (0.639; 1.853) | 0.593 (0.367; 0.957) | 1.558 (1.021; 2.380) |
| 14–17 years | 0.545 (0.339; 0.878) | 0.509 (0.342; 0.759) | 0.769 (0.518; 1.141) |
| Female 14–17 years | 2.113 (1.112; 4.015) | 4.424 (2.472; 7.917) | 1.084 (0.633; 1.858) |
| Nagelkerke's Pseudo-R2 | 0.058 | 0.065 | 0.024 |
| Hosmer–Lemeshow test of fit |
p = .858 |
p = .994 |
p = .706 |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2) |
Wave 1 |
Wave 2 |
Wave 3 |
| OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
|
| Risk groupa | 3.684 (2.385; 5.690) | 4.070 (2.796; 5.925) | 2.333 (1.534; 3.547) |
| Female | 1.489 (0.720; 3.080) | 0.506 (0.250; 1.026) | 0.971 (0.494; 1.907) |
| 14–17 years | 0.773 (0.393; 1.519) | 0.878 (0.519; 1.485) | 1.015 (0.565; 1.824) |
| Female 14–17 years | 1.095 (0.457; 2.627) | 3.251 (1.436; 7.358) | 1.899 (0.844; 4.273) |
| Nagelkerke's Pseudo-R2 | 0.074 | 0.104 | 0.044 |
| Hosmer–Lemeshow test of fit | p = .957 | p = .870 | p = .729 |
CI = confidence interval; HRQoL = health-related quality of life; OR = odds ratio; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SCARED = Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders; PHQ-2 = Patient Health Questionnaire.
Note. Risk groups were predefined as children/adolescents with low parental education and/or migration status and/or confined living conditions and/or previous parental mental illness. Numbers in bold indicate statistically significant results. The reference group for all analyses except SDQ was boys aged 11–13 years not belonging to the risk group. For the SDQ analyses, the reference group was boys aged 7–10 years not belonging to the risk group.