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Oxidation of aldehydes using water. (a) Aqueous aldehyde reforming to the corresponding acids using molecular complexes. (b) Oxidation of biomass-derived furfural to furoic acid with water catalyzed by Ru-PNP complex 5c. (c, d) Active involvement of [Ru] in suppressing furfural decomposition via an induced disproportionation pathway. (e) HMF oxidation to FDCA using water with H2 liberation. (f) Pathways for HMF oxidation to FDCA.
