Table 3.
Risk factors for raised BP (prehypertension and hypertension)
| Predictor variables | Normal BP /Prehypertension | Hypertension/ Normal BP + Prehypertension | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | P value | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 0.582 (0.518, 0.654) | 0.382 (0.279, 0.523) | <0.001 | 1.320 (1.189, 1465) | 0.838 (0.529, 1.327) | NS |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 30–44 | 1.813 (1.574, 2.087) | 1.673 (1.265, 2.215) | <0.001 | 2.528 (2.082, 3.069) | 1.965 (1.084, 3.562) | <0.05 |
| 45–59 | 2.758 (2.327, 3.270) | 2.286 (1.638, 3.191) | <0.001 | 7.632 (6.288, 9.263) | 4.558 (2.477, 8.388) | <0.001 |
| 60–69 | 3.550 (2.649, 4.758) | 2.879 (1.703, 4.868) | <0.001 | 19.388 (15.439, 24.347) | 12.274 (6.041, 24.936) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Current married/Cohabitating | 1.608 (1.415, 1.826) | 0.959 (0.732, 1.255) | NS | 3.342 (2.875, 3.885) | 1.296 (0.814, 2.063) | NS |
| Separated/Divorced | 1.502 (1.041, 2.166) | 1.154 (0.653, 2.041) | NS | 3.611 (2.632, 4.955) | 2.872 (1.229, 6.712) | <0.05 |
| Widowed | 2.658 (1.677, 4.214) | 0.928 (0.490, 1.756) | NS | 10.274 (7.634, 13.825) | 1.732 (0.806, 3.720) | NS |
| Level of education | ||||||
| No formal school | 2.429 (1.961, 3.008) | 1.298 (0.882, 1.909) | NS | 3.620 (3.051, 4.295) | 0.838 (0.503, 1.396) | NS |
| Primary school | 2.059 (1.687, 2.515) | 1.079 (0.757, 1.538) | NS | 2.133 (1.788, 2.544) | 1.009 (0.613, 1.662) | NS |
| Moyen school | 1.319 (1.117, 1.558) | 0.890 (0.664, 1.193) | NS | 1.289 (1.091, 1.523) | 0.810 (0.523, 1.254) | NS |
| Secondary school | 1.188 (1.007, 1.402) | 0.860 (0.651, 1.137) | NS | 1.100 (0.928, 1.305) | 0.762 (0.503, 1.154) | NS |
| University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Locality | ||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.274 (1.127, 1.441) | 1.129 (0.914, 1.396) | NS | 0.895 (0.802, 1.000) | 1.072 (0.779, 1.477) | NS |
| Geographical region | ||||||
| North-Centre | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| North -West | 1.077 (0.920, 1.260) | 0.899 (0.689, 1.173) | NS | 1.022 (0.889, 1.174) | – | NS |
| North -East | 1.240 (1.076, 1.429) | 1.144 (0.914, 1.432) | NS | 1.037 (0.915, 1.175) | – | NS |
| South -West | 0.994 (0.712, 1.389) | 0.813 (0.421, 1.572) | NS | 0.939 (0.693, 1.272) | – | NS |
| South -East | 1.076 (0.861, 1.345) | 1.254 (0.838, 1.877) | NS | 0.844 (0.685, 1.039) | – | NS |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Unemployed (able and not able to work) /Student/No paid | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Government employee | 1.177 (0.989, 1.400) | 0.539 (0.390, 0.744) | <0.001 | 1.059 (0.890, 1.260) | 0.651 (0.386, 1.099) | NS |
| Non-government employee | 1.497 (1.221, 1.837) | 0.653 (0.438, 0.973) | <0.05 | 0.982 (0.798, 1.208) | 0.716 (0.369, 1.390) | NS |
| Self employed | 1.959 (1.603, 2.394) | 1.035 (0.686, 1.562) | NS | 1.028 (0.844, 1.253) | 0.844 (0.435, 1.636) | NS |
| Home marker | 1.260 (1.074, 1.478) | 1.073 (0.801, 1.437) | NS | 2.108 (1.824, 2.436) | 1.286 (0.832, 1.986) | NS |
| Retired | 2.879 (2.086, 3.972) | 0.784 (0.464, 1.324) | NS | 4386 (3.550, 5420) | 0.894 (0.494, 1.619) | NS |
| Wealth index (Family monthly income quintile) | ||||||
| Lowest (less than or equal to SMIG) | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | ||
| Second lowest (More than to SMIG, less than or equal to 2x SMIG | 0.927 (0.770, 1.116) | – | NS | 0.858 (0.732, 1.005) | 0.826 (0.581, 1.175) | NS |
| Midle (More than to 2x SMIG, less than or equal to 3x SMIG | 0.897 (0.714, 1.129) | – | NS | 0.817 (0.668, 0.999) | 0.743 (0.489, 1.127) | NS |
| Second highest (More than to 3xSMIG, less than or equal to 4x SMIG) | 0.829 (0.601, 1.143) | – | NS | 0.781 (0.585, 1.042) | 0.796 (0.461, 1.375) | NS |
| Highest (More than to4xSMIG) | 0.901 (0.674, 1.205) | – | NS | 0.950 (0.741, 1.216) | 0.981 (0.593, 1.622) | NS |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smoked | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Current Daily smoked | 1.292 (1.090, 1.531) | 0.907 (0.625, 1.316) | NS | 0.570 (0.477, 0.682) | 0.821 (0.454, 1.486) | NS |
| Past smoked | 1.751 (1.429, 2.146) | 1.185 (0.816, 1.719) | NS | 1.420 (1.214, 1.661) | 1.225 (0.782, 1.918) | NS |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Low (< 150 Min/week) | 0.998 (0.861, 1.158) | – | NS | 1.169 (1.029, 1.328) | 1.001 (0.707, 1.416) | NS |
| High (More 150 Min/week) | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | ||
| Fruits and vegetables consumption | ||||||
| < 5 fruit/veg/day | 1.035 (0.879, 1.218) | – | NS | 1.065 (0.919, 1.234) | – | NS |
| More 5 fruit/veg/day | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | ||||||
| 18,5–24,9 (Normal weight) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| < 18,5 (Underwieght) | 0.423 (0.305, 0.586) | 0.306 (0.146, 0.641) | <0.01 | 0.574 (0.384, 0.859) | 0.812 (0.228, 2.889) | NS |
| 25–29,9 (Overweight) | 1.471 (1.284, 1.686) | 1.210 (0.947, 1.545) | NS | 1.957 (1.717, 2.230) | 1.039 (0.722, 1.494) | NS |
| ≥ 30 (Obese) | 1.491 (1.268, 1.754) | 1.362 (1.026, 1.807) | <0.05 | 3.274 (2.852, 3.760) | 1.687 (1.143, 2.489) | <0.01 |
| Abdominal obesity | ||||||
| No (Low) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes (High) | 1.366 (1.211, 1.542) | 1.363 (1.046, 1.776) | <0.05 | 2.890 (2.545, 3.282) | 1.686 (1.119, 2.541) | <0.05 |
| Blood glucose (Hyperglycemia) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.701 (1.265, 2.287) | 1.351 (0.977, 1.870) | NS | 3.485 (2.897, 4.193) | 1.341 (0.954, 1.884) | NS |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Cholesterol (Hypercholesterolemia) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.259 (0.947, 1.675) | – | NS | 2.748 (2.277, 3.315) | 2.029 (1.500, 2.746) | <0.001 |
| No | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | ||