Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to three types of beverage consumption in UK Biobank at 2021 (N=37,994)*
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | Artificially sweetened beverages | Pure fruit/vegetable juices | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0/day | 0–1/day | >1/day | 0/day | 0–1/day | >1/day | 0/day | 0–1/day | >1/day | |
| Number of participants (n) | 25,515 | 9868 | 2611 | 29,501 | 6194 | 2299 | 18,414 | 16,876 | 2704 |
| Male % | 12,772 (50.1) | 5291 (53.6) | 1570 (60.1) | 15,614 (52.9) | 2960 (47.8) | 1059 (46.1) | 9033 (49.1) | 9012 (53.4) | 1588 (58.7) |
| White ethnicity % | 24,542 (96.2) | 9398 (95.2) | 2441 (93.5) | 28,219 (95.7) | 5944 (96.0) | 2218 (96.5) | 17,560 (95.4) | 16,301 (96.6) | 2520 (93.2) |
| Age (years) | 61.6 (7.1) | 61.3 (7.4) | 58.9 (7.9) | 61.8 (7.1) | 60.3 (7.5) | 58.3 (7.8) | 60.8 (7.4) | 62.0 (7.1) | 61.2 (7.3) |
| Deprivation indexa | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.3 (3.0) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.6 (2.8) | −1.3 (3.1) | −1.4 (2.9) | −1.8 (2.8) | −1.4 (3.0) |
| Sedentary hours (h/day) | 4.9 (2.3) | 5.1 (2.4) | 5.5 (2.6) | 4.9 (2.4) | 5.3 (2.4) | 5.6 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.5) | 4.9 (2.3) | 4.9 (2.4) |
| Current smokers % | 1775 (7.0) | 632 (6.4) | 222 (8.5) | 2040 (6.9) | 418 (6.7) | 171 (7.4) | 1537 (8.3) | 918 (5.4) | 174 (6.4) |
| Drinking ≥ 3 times /week % | 13,298 (52.1) | 4739 (48.0) | 1041 (39.9) | 15,254 (51.7) | 2927 (47.3) | 897 (39.0) | 8578 (46.6) | 9110 (54.0) | 1390 (51.4) |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) % | 40.4 (40.4) | 39.6 (39.9) | 44.0 (46.2) | 40.9 (41.1) | 38.8 (39.2) | 38.5 (39.4) | 41.7 (42.6) | 39.0 (38.4) | 41.2 (41.2) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.2 (4.8) | 28.5 (4.8) | 29.3 (5.3) | 27.9 (4.6) | 29.3 (5.1) | 31.0 (5.8) | 28.6 (5.0) | 28.1 (4.7) | 28.1 (4.5) |
| Total energy (kJ/day) | 8566 (2374) | 9036 (2285) | 9769 (2565) | 8779 (2387) | 8740 (2338) | 8754 (2541) | 8470 (2432) | 8952 (2273) | 9688 (2447) |
| Total sugar (g/day) | 111.3 (44.7) | 127.8 (43.9) | 162.0 (54.8) | 119.2 (47.1) | 118.4 (45.9) | 118.4 (52.6) | 108.3 (46.2) | 125.0 (42.9) | 155.4 (54.8) |
| Fat (g/day) | 74.8 (28.6) | 79.2 (27.2) | 82.6 (30.7) | 76.4 (28.6) | 76.6 (27.4) | 77.8 (31.0) | 75.3 (29.4) | 77.3 (27.3) | 79.5 (29.3) |
| Vegetable and fruits (servings/day) | 5.0 (3.0) | 4.8 (2.8) | 4.6 (3.4) | 4.9 (3.0) | 4.8 (2.7) | 4.8 (3.0) | 4.8 (3.1) | 4.9 (2.8) | 5.3 (3.3) |
| Fish (servings/day) | 2.0 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.0) |
| Red meat (servings/day) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) |
| Insulin user % | 330 (1.3) | 104 (1.1) | 24 (0.9) | 287 (1.0) | 104 (1.7) | 67 (2.9) | 276 (1.5) | 170 (1.0) | 12 (0.4) |
| Antihypertensive drug user % | 14,060 (55.1) | 5492 (55.7) | 1430 (54.8) | 16,356 (55.4) | 3362 (54.3) | 1264 (55.0) | 9981 (54.2) | 9467 (56.1) | 1534 (56.7) |
| Aspirin user % | 4798 (18.8) | 1894 (19.2) | 427 (16.4) | 5549 (18.8) | 1127 (18.2) | 443 (19.3) | 3339 (18.1) | 3249 (19.3) | 531 (19.6) |
| Lipid-lowering drug user % | 7460 (29.2) | 2918 (29.6) | 728 (27.9) | 8580 (29.1) | 1848 (29.8) | 678 (29.5) | 5355 (29.1) | 4948 (29.3) | 803 (29.7) |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (servings/day) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.7) |
| Artificially sweetened beverages (servings/day) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.3) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) |
| Pure fruit/vegetable juices (servings/day) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.7) |
Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or number (percentage)
MET metabolic equivalents
*1 serving per day refers to 1 glass/can/carton/250mL per day
aArea-based Townsend deprivation index derived from consensus data on employment, housing, car ownership, and household overcrowding, corresponding to the postcode of residence