Table 4.

Associations among the three identified k-means clusters with lumbar spine degeneration and low back pain.

Outcomes	Structural Change Subgroup (Cluster 1) versus Reference Subgroup (Cluster 2)	Pain and Inflammation Subgroup (Cluster 3) versus Reference Subgroup (Cluster 2)
OST	1.48 (0.90–2.41)	0.81 (0.51–1.30)
OST with LBP	1.20 (0.81–1.78)	1.60 (1.04–2.46)
DSN	1.94 (1.30–2.90)	1.33 (0.89–2.01)
DSN with LBP	1.10 (0.73–1.68)	1.30 (0.82–2.06)
FOA	1.72 (1.12–2.62)	1.57 (0.99–2.48)
FOA with LBP	0.99 (0.66–1.48)	1.59 (1.04–2.45)
LBP	1.19 (0.83–1.71)	1.63 (1.11–2.41)

OST ​= ​vertebral osteophytes; DSN ​= ​disc space narrowing; FOA ​= ​facet joint osteoarthritis; LBP ​= ​low back pain.