Table 2.
Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT) scores for the 16 studies included in this review.
| Heft-Neal et al.27 | Requia, Amini et al.35 | Requia, Paptheodorou et al.36 | Costello28 | Jones and McDermott29 | Park et al.30 | Requia et al.31 | McCoy and Zhao32 | Abdo et al.33 | O’Donnell and Behie25 | O’Donnell and Behie24 | Holstius et al.34 | O’Donnell23 | Brémault-Phillips et al.39 | Verstraeten et al.37 | DeYoung et al.38 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCAT domains | R1a | R2b | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 |
| Preliminaries | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Introduction | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3.5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4.5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4.5 | 3 | 3.5 |
| Design | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4.5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4.5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3.5 |
| Sampling | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4.5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4.5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3.5 | 4 | 3 |
| Data collection | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4.5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2.5 |
| Ethical matters | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3.5 | 4 | 4 |
| Results | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3.5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4.5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4.5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| Discussion | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4.5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4.5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| Average CCAT score/100 | 96.25 | 85.62 | 83.75 | 77.5 | 72.5 | 91.25 | 77.5 | 66.5 | 96.365 | 83.75 | 81.5 | 88.125 | 94.375 | 83.175 | 85.625 | 66.875 | ||||||||||||||||
Note: CCAT domains and items assessed within the domain [Refer to: Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT) User Guide Version 1.422 for further detail]. Preliminaries refer to title, abstract, and text. Introduction refers to background and objectives. Design refers to research design, intervention, treatment, exposure; outcome, output, predictor, measure; bias. sampling refers to sampling method, sample size, sampling protocol. Data collection refers to collection method and collection protocol. Ethical matters includes participant ethics and researcher ethics. Results refers to analysis, integration, interpretation method, essential analysis, outcome, output, and predictor analysis. Discussion includes interpretation, generalization and concluding remarks.
Reviewer 1.
Reviewer 2.