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. 2022 Aug 18;130(8):086001. doi: 10.1289/EHP10544

Table 4.

Summary of findings by theme.

Study Birth weight Gestational age Birth defect Gestational diabetes mellitus Secondary sex ratio Gestational hypertension NICU admission/assisted ventilation Mental health impacts and protective factors Social outcomes and domestic violence Breastfeeding/infant feeding Access to health care
Heft-Neal et al.27 D
Requia et al.35 D
Requia et al.36 D
Costello28 D
Jones and McDermott29 D D
Park et al.30 I
Requia et al.31 I
McCoy and Zhao32 D
Abdo et al.33 D D I I D
O’Donnell and Behie25 I NE NE
O’Donnell and Behie24 D D/I NE
Holstius et al.34 D
O’Donnell23 I NE D a a a
Brémault-Phillips et al.39 a a a
Verstraeten et al.37 a a
DeYoung et al.38 a a

Note: —, no data; D, decrease; I, increase; NE, no effect; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.

a

Thematic qualitative finding.