Table 2. Multivariable regression analysis of personal and COVID-19 pandemic-associated factors with high perceived stress among surveyed medical students (n = 1057).

Factors	B	S.E.	aOR (95% CI)	P-value
Sex: Female vs. Male	0.553	0.178	1.74 (1.23–2.47)	0.002
Age (years): ≤ 22 vs. ≥23	0.484	0.230	1.62 (1.04–2.55)	0.045
Smoking: Smoker vs. non-smoker	0.154	0.301	0.858 (0.65–2.10)	0.704
Family income:
Sufficient vs. Sufficient and exceed	0.427	0.173	1.53 (1.09–2.15)	0.014
Insufficient vs. Sufficient and exceed	0.725	0.464	2.06 (0.83–5.13)	0.119
Timing: During pandemic vs. before pandemic	0.584	0.196	1.79 (1.22–2.63)	0.003

Notes.

B

unstandardized beta

S.E.

standard error for B

aOR

adjusted odds ratio