Table 1.

Demographic and Perioperative Characteristics

	No Virtual Reality	Virtual Reality	Standardized Difference
n	37 (52.9%)	33 (47.1%)
Age (years)	7.8 ± 2.3	8.2 ± 2.2	0.16
Gender			0.12
Female	18 (48.6%)	18 (54.5%)
Male	19 (51.4%)	15 (45.5%)
Height (cm)	130 ± 16	131 ± 12	0.07
Weight (kg)	31.9 ± 15.2	32.4 ± 11.6	0.03
BMI (kg/m2)	18.0 ± 4.8	18.3 ± 4.0	0.07
Caucasian	19 (51.4%)	19 (57.6%)	0.13
ASA Class			0.29
1	15 (40.5%)	11 (33.3%)
2	18 (48.6%)	15 (45.5%)
3	4 (10.8%)	7 (21.2%)
Prior General Anesthesia	18 (48.6%)	18 (54.5%)	0.12
Number of Prior GA’s	2.7 ± 5.2	3.3 ± 4.2	0.13
NPO length (minutes)	842 ± 185 (33)	855 ± 163 (25)	0.07
Anesthesia length (minutes)	101 ± 119	82 ± 92	0.19
Surgery length (minutes)	77 ± 106	63 ± 86	0.15
Parent Present?	35 (94.6%)	29 (87.9%)	0.24
mYPAS T0	28.3 [23.3, 28.3]	28.3 [23.3, 28.3]	0.14
STAI State T0	38.0 [31.0, 45.0]	36.0 [26.0, 43.0]	0.08

Data are n (%), mean ± SD, mean ± SD (n) if n differs from total, or median [interquartile range]

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiology; GA, general anesthesia; NPO, nil per os; T0, baseline time point in preoperative area; mYPAS, Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, scored 23.3–100; STAI, parental State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, scored 20–80.

Standardized difference is the difference in means or proportions divided by the standard deviation and calculates potential imbalance in groups; 0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large imbalance.²⁶