Table 4.

Logistic multilevel models regressing OUR Walmart membership on state incarceration rates (odds ratios for a one-unit increase in rate per 1,000)

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Intercept	0.03 ***	0.02 – 0.04	0.05 ***	0.03 – 0.07	1.53	0.91 – 2.55
State incarceration rate	0.86 ***	0.81 – 0.93	0.88 **	0.82 – 0.95	0.88 *	0.80 – 0.98
Zip code % Black			1.01 **	1.00 – 1.02	1.02 **	1.01 – 1.03
Zip code % Poor			0.95 ***	0.94 – 0.97	1.08 ***	1.05 – 1.11
County code crime rate					0.99 ***	0.99 – 1.00
County unemployment rate					0.49 ***	0.47 – 0.52
Party control of state legislature
Democratic (reference)
Republican					0.46 ***	0.34 – 0.61
Split					0.53 ***	0.39 – 0.72
Random Effects
σ2	3.29		3.29		3.29
τ00
state/county	1.22		1.32		1.92
county	0.43		0.41		1.36
ICC	0.33		0.35		0.50
N
state	51		51		50
county	2597		2596		2512
Observations	88557		88551		88072

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001