Changes in MAP (top panels) and heart rate (bottom panels) following PVN microinjections in conscious SD rats. A: Time course of changes in MAP and heart rate after PVN microinjections of aCSF or BDNF (at 0 min) following pretreatment with icv aCSF (n = 7), icv losartan (n = 7), or intravenous hexamethonium (n = 4). B: Changes in MAP and heart rate averaged over 15 min following BDNF or aCSF microinjections. C: Amplitude of peak MAP and heart rate responses to BDNF or aCSF microinjections. †P < 0.05, and †††P < 0.001 intra-PVN BDNF vs aCSF; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 pretreatment effectvs aCSF.