Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Patient characteristic | |
|---|---|
| First-line treatment | |
| BG, n (%) | 384 (21.4) |
| SU, n (%) | 128 (7.1) |
| α-GI, n (%) | 122 (6.8) |
| TZD, n (%) | 62 (3.4) |
| Glinide, n (%) | 64 (3.6) |
| DPP-4i, n (%) | 967 (53.8) |
| SGLT2i, n (%) | 71 (3.9) |
| Second-line treatment | |
| Add-on, n (%) | 1546 (86.0) |
| Switched, n (%) | 252 (14.0) |
| BG, n (%) | 503 (28.0) |
| SU, n (%) | 195 (10.8) |
| α-GI, n (%) | 102 (5.7) |
| TZD, n (%) | 116 (6.5) |
| Glinide, n (%) | 87 (4.8) |
| DPP-4i, n (%) | 557 (31.0) |
| SGLT2i, n (%) | 219 (12.2) |
| GLP-1RA, n (%) | 6 (0.3) |
| Insulin, n (%) | 13 (0.7) |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 61.6 (12.8) |
| Age < 65 years, n (%) | 988 (54.9) |
| Age ≥ 65 years and < 75 years, n (%) | 526 (29.3) |
| Age ≥ 75 years, n (%) | 284 (15.8) |
| Male, n (%) | 1111 (61.8) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m 2 | 25.5 (4.6) |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 885 (49.2) |
| BMI ≥ 22 and < 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 531 (29.5) |
| BMI < 22 kg/m2, n (%) | 371 (20.6) |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 7.7 (1.3) |
| HbA1c ≥ 7.0%, n (%) | 1278 (71.1) |
| HbA1c ≥ 8.0%, n (%) | 518 (28.8) |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 78.9 (20.5) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 251 (14.0) |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 204 (11.3) |
| Facility | |
| Clinic, n (%) | 1445 (80.4) |
| General/community hospital, n (%) | 352 (19.6) |
| University/teaching hospital, n (%) | 1 (0.1) |
| Other type of center, n (%) | 0 (0.0) |
| Specialty of the physician-in-charge | |
| General practitioner, n (%) | 237 (13.2) |
| Endocrinology/diabetology, n (%) | 1245 (69.2) |
| Cardiology, n (%) | 291 (16.2) |
| Nephrology, n (%) | 6 (0.3) |
| Geriatrics, n (%) | 0 (0.0) |
| Other specialty, n (%) | 19 (1.1) |
| Living style | |
| Living alone, n (%) | 263 (14.6) |
| Living with someone, n (%) | 1479 (82.3) |
| Declined to answer, n (%) | 55 (3.1) |
| Education level | |
| Primary (1-6 years of education), n (%) | 17 (0.9) |
| Secondary (7-13 years of education), n (%) | 1138 (63.3) |
| University/ higher education degree (> 13 years of education), n (%) | 454 (25.3) |
| Declined to answer, n (%) | 188 (10.5) |
| Employment status | |
| Full-time, n (%) | 783 (43.6) |
| Part-time, n (%) | 209 (11.6) |
| Not working, n (%) | 405 (22.5) |
| Retired, n (%) | 277 (15.4) |
| Other, n (%) | 63 (3.5) |
| Declined to answer, n (%) | 60 (3.3) |
| Smoking history | |
| Nonsmoker, n (%) | 774 (43.1) |
| Former smoker, n (%) | 506 (28.2) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 447 (24.9) |
| Unknown, n (%) | 70 (3.9) |
| Alcohol intake | |
| Lifetime abstainer, n (%) | 440 (24.5) |
| Former drinker, n (%) | 379 (21.1) |
| Drinker, n (%) | 881 (49.0) |
Abbreviations: α-GI, α-glucosidase inhibitors; BG, biguanides; BMI, body mass index; DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; SU, sulfonylureas; TZD, thiazolidinediones.