Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Sham tDCS (n = 60) | Active tDCS (n = 60) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, M (SD) | 66.60 (8.43) | 65.32 (8.41) | 0.54 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.70 | ||
| Male | 18 (30.0%) | 20 (33.3%) | |
| Female | 42 (70.0%) | 40 (66.7%) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.23 | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.3%) | |
| Asian | 2 (3.3%) | 6 (10.0%) | |
| African American | 22 (36.7%) | 19 (31.7%) | |
| White | 32 (53.3%) | 26 (43.3%) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 4 (6.7%) | 7 (11.7%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, M (SD) | 32.52 (8.30) | 32.70 (8.73) | 0.90 |
| OA duration, months, M(SD) | 69.25 (82.87) | 71.35 (75.86) | 0.89 |
| Marital Status, n (%) | 0.70 | ||
| Married | 29 (48.3%) | 33 (55.0%) | |
| Widowed | 9 (15.0%) | 4 (6.7%) | |
| Divorced | 10 (16.7%) | 10 (16.7%) | |
| Separated | 2 (3.3%) | 1 (1.7%) | |
| Never married | 7 (11.7%) | 7 (11.7%) | |
| Living with partner | 3 (5.0%) | 5 (8.3%) | |
| NRS, M(SD) | 50.63 (21.77) | 55.05 (21.96) | 0.27 |
| WOMAC, M(SD) | 43.88 (15.58) | 42.00 (17.05) | 0.53 |
| K/L radiographic score, n (%) | 0.37 | ||
| Grade 1 | 7 (11.7%) | 9 (15.0%) | |
| Grade 2 | 20 (33.3%) | 20 (33.3%) | |
| Grade 3 | 29 (48.3%) | 22 (36.7%) | |
| Grade 4 | 4 (6.7%) | 9 (15.0%) |
Note. M = Mean, SD = Standard Deviation, BMI = Body Mass Index; NRS = Numeric Rating Scale of Pain, ranging 0 (no pain) to 100 (worst pain imaginable); WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, ranging from 0 to 96, with higher scores indicating worse osteoarthritis symptoms; K/L = Kellgren/Lawrence (grade 1: doubtful joint space narrowing and possible osteophytic lipping; grade 2: definite osteophytes and possible joint space narrowing, grade 3: multiple osteophytes, definite joint space narrowing, sclerosis, possible bony deformity, grade 4: large osteophytes, marked joint space narrowing, severe sclerosis and definite bony deformity).