Table 5. Statistical analyses on change in stake.
| Number of players and rounds included in the analyses in each group | ||||||||||
| Group | Player | Round (Mean) | Round (SD) | Round (Min) | Round (Max) | |||||
| High-Involvement | 1678 | 5936.6 | 14046.5 | 11 | 197613 | |||||
| Low-Involvement | 648 | 435.5 | 949.0 | 13 | 12959 | |||||
| Probability of changing stakes (%)—ANOVA | ||||||||||
| Effect | df | MSE | F | ges | p | |||||
| Involvement Level (High vs. Low) | 1, 2324 | 17.85 | 1.57 | <.001 | .210 | |||||
| Prior Outcome (Loss vs. Win) | 1, 2324 | 6.35 | 141.80 | .016 | <.001 | |||||
| Interaction | 1, 2324 | 6.35 | 1.95 | <.001 | .163 | |||||
| Probability of changing stakes (%)—Pairwise comparisons | ||||||||||
| Comparison (A vs. B) | A-mean | B-mean | diff | lowerCI | upperCI | df | t | p | lnBF | g |
| High-Loss vs. High-Win | 1.88 (3.09) | 0.78 (3.96) | 1.10 | 0.92 | 1.27 | 1677.0 | 12.3 | <.001 | 68.96 | 0.311 |
| Low-Loss vs. Low-Win | 1.94 (3.15) | 1.07 (3.40) | 0.87 | 0.61 | 1.12 | 647.0 | 6.6 | <.001 | 17.83 | 0.264 |
| High-Loss vs. Low-Loss | 1.88 (3.09) | 1.94 (3.15) | -0.06 | -0.34 | 0.23 | 1154.7 | -0.4 | 1.000 | -2.88 | 0.019 |
| High-Win vs. Low-Win | 0.78 (3.96) | 1.07 (3.40) | -0.29 | -0.61 | 0.04 | 1359.3 | -1.7 | 0.726 | -1.63 | 0.081 |
| (High-Loss—High-Win) vs. (Low-Loss—Low-Win) | 1.10 (3.65) | 0.87 (3.35) | 0.23 | -0.08 | 0.54 | 1273.0 | 1.4 | 1.000 | -1.99 | 0.067 |
| Change in stake amount (euro cents)—ANOVA | ||||||||||
| Effect | df | MSE | F | ges | p | |||||
| Involvement Level (High vs. Low) | 1, 2324 | 11.23 | 1.30 | <.001 | .255 | |||||
| Prior Outcome (Loss vs. Win) | 1, 2324 | 24.22 | 14.21 | .004 | <.001 | |||||
| Interaction | 1, 2324 | 24.22 | 0.03 | <.001 | .858 | |||||
| Change in stake amount (euro cents)—Pairwise comparisons | ||||||||||
| Comparison (A vs. B) | A-mean | B-mean | diff | lowerCI | upperCI | df | t | p | lnBF | g |
| High-Loss vs. High-Win | -0.02 (3.76) | 0.62 (5.09) | -0.64 | -0.99 | -0.28 | 1677.0 | -3.5 | <.001 | 2.61 | 0.144 |
| Low-Loss vs. Low-Win | -0.12 (2.47) | 0.46 (4.17) | -0.58 | -1.02 | -0.13 | 647.0 | -2.6 | 0.110 | 0.10 | 0.174 |
| High-Loss vs. Low-Loss | -0.02 (3.76) | -0.12 (2.47) | 0.10 | -0.17 | 0.36 | 1770.6 | 0.7 | 1.000 | -2.78 | 0.033 |
| High-Win vs. Low-Win | 0.62 (5.09) | 0.46 (4.17) | 0.15 | -0.25 | 0.56 | 1424.3 | 0.7 | 1.000 | -2.72 | 0.035 |
| (High-Loss—High-Win) vs. (Low-Loss—Low-Win) | -0.64 (7.37) | -0.58 (5.77) | -0.06 | -0.62 | 0.51 | 1490.7 | -0.2 | 1.000 | -2.94 | 0.009 |
Note: ANOVA: df = degrees of freedom. In a 2 by 2 ANOVA, the dfs for all effects are the same. MSE = mean square of the error. ges = generalized eta squared. Pairwise comparisons: Comparison (A vs. B) = the two variables compared in each comparison. A-mean, B-mean = means of the left (A) and the right (B) variable in a comparison, with standard deviations in parentheses. diff = difference between A and B. lowerCI, upperCI = lower and upper boundary of 95% confidence intervals of the difference. df, t, p = degrees of freedom, t value and p value from the Welch’s t tests (between-subjects comparisons) or paired-samples t tests (within-subjects comparisons). P values were corrected for multiple comparisons using the Holm-Bonferroni method. lnBF = the natural logarithm of Bayes factors. g = Hedges’s average g.