Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Study and Comparator cohorts, unadjusted and propensity-matched
| Unadjusted | Propensity matched | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population | Comparator groups | Comparison 1 | Comparison 2 | Comparison 3 | |||||||||
| Adults with children 0–5 y | Adults with children 6–11 y | Adults with children 12–18 y | Adults without children | Adults with children 0–5 y | Adults with children 6–11 y | P | Adults with children 0–5 y | Adults with children 12–18 y | P | Adults with children 0–5 y | Adults without children | P | |
| (n = 274,316) | (n = 211,736) | (n = 257,762) | (N = 2,382,613) | (n = 136,107) | (n = 136,107) | (n = 81,978) | (n = 81,978) | (n = 260,180) | (n = 260,180) | ||||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) age, y | 36.2 (6.2) | 41.4 (7.9) | 44.6 (11.3) | 50.8 (19.3) | 38.9 (6.9) | 39.0 (7.0) | 0.01 | 40.0 (8.5) | 40.1 (8.6) | 0.05 | 36.2 (6.2) | 36.2 (6.2) | 1.00 |
| 18–29 | 34,837 (12.7) | 16,664 (7.9) | 41,201 (16.0) | 464,263 (19.5) | 12,327 (9.1) | 12,327 (9.1) | 0.03 | 12,550 (15.3) | 12,551 (15.3) | 0.03 | 32,348 (12.4) | 32,347 (12.4) | 1.00 |
| 30–39 | 167,578 (61.1) | 58,216 (27.5) | 16,630 (6.5) | 328,738 (13.8) | 55,821 (41.0) | 55,042 (40.4) | 15,710 (19.2) | 15,641 (19.1) | 159,058 (61.1) | 159,059 (61.1) | |||
| 40–49 | 64,991 (23.7) | 110,876 (52.4) | 101,910 (39.5) | 258,344 (10.8) | 61,376 (45.1) | 62,048 (45.6) | 47,112 (57.5) | 46,847 (57.2) | 62,152 (23.9) | 62,152 (23.9) | |||
| 50–59 | 6,098 (2.2) | 23,586 (11.1) | 87,269 (33.9) | 429,599 (18.0) | 5,824 (4.3) | 5,951 (4.4) | 5,829 (7.1) | 6,167 (7.5) | 5,829 (2.2) | 5,829 (2.2) | |||
| 60+ | 812 (0.3) | 2,394 (1.1) | 10,752 (4.2) | 901,669 (37.8) | 759 (0.6) | 739 (0.5) | 777 (1.0) | 772 (0.9) | 793 (0.3) | 793 (0.3) | |||
| Women, N (%) | 141,080 (51.4) | 108,310 (51.2) | 132,617 (51.5) | 1,250,584 (52.5) | 66,934 (49.2) | 75,779 (55.7) | <0.001 | 37,938 (46.3) | 47,842 (58.4) | <0.001 | 138,225 (53.1) | 135,047 (51.9) | <0.001 |
| Race, N (%) | |||||||||||||
| White | 104,794 (38.2) | 78,634 (37.1) | 103,171 (40.0) | 1,123,542 (47.2) | 50,881 (37.4) | 50,515 (37.1) | <0.001 | 29,437 (35.9) | 30,141 (36.8) | <0.001 | 101,873 (39.2) | 105,234 (40.5) | <0.001 |
| Black/African American | 13,576 (5.0) | 12,909 (6.1) | 16,831 (6.5) | 160,972 (6.8) | 7,504 (5.5) | 8,576 (6.3) | 5,273 (6.4) | 6,030 (7.4) | 13,180 (5.1) | 17,936 (6.9) | |||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 73,074 (26.6) | 52,905 (25.0) | 58,087 (22.5) | 453,222 (19.0) | 35,180 (25.9) | 33,690 (24.8) | 19,133 (23.3) | 17,834 (21.8) | 71,107 (27.3) | 64,463 (24.8) | |||
| Other | 10,942 (4.0) | 8,510 (4.0) | 10,726 (4.2) | 111,221 (4.7) | 5,520 (4.1) | 5,754 (4.2) | 3,510 (4.3) | 3,635 (4.4) | 10,774 (4.1) | 8,829 (3.4) | |||
| Unknown | 71,930 (26.2) | 58,778 (27.8) | 68,947 (26.8) | 533,656 (22.4) | 37,022 (27.2) | 37,572 (27.6) | 24,625 (30.0) | 24,338 (29.7) | 63,246 (24.3) | 63,718 (24.5) | |||
| Hispanic ethnicity, N (%) | 61,918 (22.6) | 52,082 (24.6) | 63,085 (24.5) | 456,332 (19.2) | 36,509 (26.8) | 36,510 (26.8) | 1.00 | 24,476 (29.9) | 24,477 (29.9) | 1.00 | 59,897 (23.0) | 59,896 (23.0) | 1.00 |
| Body Mass Index | |||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.3 (5.9) | 28.7 (6.1) | 28.8 (6.2) | 28.2 (6.3) | 28.8 (6.1) | 28.8 (6.1) | 0.53 | 29.2 (6.2) | 29.2 (6.3) | 0.84 | 28.3 (5.9) | 28.3 (5.9) | 0.99 |
| Behaviors | |||||||||||||
| 1-y smoking status, N (%) | |||||||||||||
| Current smoker | 8,054 (2.9) | 8,109 (3.8) | 10,131 (3.9) | 116,458 (4.9) | 4,282 (3.2) | 5,883 (4.3) | <0.001 | 2,829 (3.5) | 4,263 (5.2) | <0.001 | 7,866 (3.0) | 15,465 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 31,381 (11.4) | 24,658 (11.7) | 29,384 (11.4) | 440,556 (18.5) | 17,714 (13.0) | 16,299 (12.0) | 10,986 (13.4) | 9,835 (12.0) | 31,186 (12.0) | 33,526 (12.9) | |||
| Nonsmoker | 156,755 (57.1) | 113,647 (53.7) | 140,077 (54.3) | 1,250,838 (52.5) | 78,153 (57.4) | 75,705 (55.6) | 46,205 (56.4) | 44,535 (54.3) | 154,996 (59.6) | 140,648 (54.1) | |||
| Unknown | 78,126 (28.5) | 65,322 (30.9) | 78,170 (30.3) | 574,761 (24.1) | 35,958 (26.4) | 38,220 (28.1) | 21,958 (26.8) | 23,345 (28.5) | 66,132 (25.4) | 70,541 (27.1) | |||
| Comorbidities, N (%) | |||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 8,324 (3.0) | 11,565 (5.5) | 21,927 (8.5) | 433,895 (18.2) | 5,965 (4.4) | 5,965 (4.4) | 1.00 | 4,631 (5.7) | 4,631 (5.7) | 1.00 | 8,297 (3.2) | 8,297 (3.2) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes | 5,391 (2.0) | 7,357 (3.5) | 14,410 (5.6) | 243,730 (10.2) | 3,994 (2.9) | 3,994 (2.9) | 1.00 | 3,174 (3.9) | 3,174 (3.9) | 1.00 | 5,375 (2.1) | 5,375 (2.1) | 1.00 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 12,112 (4.4) | 9,388 (4.4) | 12,930 (5.0) | 188,105 (7.9) | 6,424 (4.7) | 6,163 (4.5) | 0.02 | 4,062 (5.0) | 4,213 (5.1) | 0.09 | 12,069 (4.6) | 12,595 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disorder | 570 (0.2) | 1,164 (0.6) | 2,975 (1.2) | 212,206 (8.9) | 451 (0.3) | 484 (0.4) | 0.28 | 385 (0.5) | 432 (0.5) | 0.10 | 567 (0.2) | 699 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 605 (0.2) | 931 (0.4) | 1,966 (0.8) | 105,234 (4.4) | 446 (0.3) | 450 (0.3) | 0.89 | 356 (0.4) | 409 (0.5) | 0.05 | 604 (0.2) | 839 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 881 (0.3) | 1,345 (0.6) | 2,479 (1.0) | 52,177 (2.2) | 565 (0.4) | 731 (0.5) | <0.001 | 394 (0.5) | 526 (0.6) | <0.001 | 880 (0.3) | 939 (0.4) | 0.17 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 339 (0.1) | 466 (0.2) | 915 (0.4) | 41,179 (1.7) | 222 (0.2) | 237 (0.2) | 0.48 | 167 (0.2) | 215 (0.3) | 0.01 | 339 (0.1) | 438 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart disease | 161 (0.1) | 226 (0.1) | 502 (0.2) | 32,202 (1.4) | 116 (0.1) | 109 (0.1) | 0.64 | 94 (0.1) | 87 (0.1) | 0.6 | 159 (0.1) | 222 (0.1) | 0.001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 674 (0.3) | 739 (0.4) | 1,259 (0.5) | 22,845 (1.0) | 354 (0.3) | 471 (0.4) | <0.001 | 216 (0.3) | 375 (0.5) | <0.001 | 674 (0.3) | 804 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 137 (0.1) | 304 (0.1) | 658 (0.3) | 23,687 (1.0) | 108 (0.1) | 135 (0.1) | 0.08 | 89 (0.1) | 122 (0.2) | 0.02 | 137 (0.1) | 160 (0.1) | 0.18 |
| Dementia | 10 (0.0) | 19 (0.0) | 40 (0.0) | 18,524 (0.8) | 4 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 0.25 | 2 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 0.06 | 10 (0.0) | 28 (0.0) | 0.003 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 184 (0.1) | 336 (0.2) | 636 (0.3) | 11,966 (0.5) | 126 (0.1) | 176 (0.1) | 0.004 | 89 (0.1) | 138 (0.2) | 0.001 | 183 (0.1) | 186 (0.1) | 0.88 |
| Liver disease | 128 (0.1) | 184 (0.1) | 348 (0.1) | 8,975 (0.4) | 80 (0.1) | 93 (0.1) | 0.32 | 66 (0.1) | 83 (0.1) | 0.16 | 128 (0.1) | 160 (0.1) | 0.06 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 65 (0.0) | 77 (0.0) | 143 (0.1) | 4,922 (0.2) | 33 (0.0) | 48 (0.0) | 0.1 | 32 (0.0) | 42 (0.1) | 0.24 | 65 (0.0) | 201 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| HIV/AIDS | 20 (0.0) | 38 (0.0) | 53 (0.0) | 4,015 (0.2) | 13 (0.0) | 18 (0.0) | 0.37 | 11 (0.0) | 14 (0.0 | 0.55 | 20 (0.0) | 262 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 73 (0.0) | 82 (0.0) | 159 (0.1) | 3,362 (0.1) | 44 (0.0) | 48 (0.0) | 0.68 | 35 (0.0) | 43 (0.1) | 0.36 | 72 (0.0) | 103 (0.0) | 0.02 |