Fig. 3.

Mediation effect of future orientation on the relationship between uncertainty (dummy-coded for high-uncertainty group = 1, low-uncertainty group = 0) and intertemporal choice (total number of times smaller-sooner gains were chosen), while entering negative emotion, positive emotion, and the personality trait of intolerance of uncertainty as covariates. Relative to low uncertainty, high uncertainty induces a more negative view of future, which in turn increases the number of times smaller-sooner gains are chosen. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.