Fig 1.

Chronic sleep disruption (CSD) paradigms. Approaches to chronic disruption in animal models vary not only by the way in which sleep is disrupted, but also by environment (including stress), intermittency or constancy of wakefulness, elicited motor activity and learning opportunities. Shown are specific attributes and potential confounders that may influence results. For each CSD paradigm, phenomena that were observed in multiple studies are indicated by a green plus sign, and phenomena that were absent in some or most of the relevant studies are indicated by a red negative sign.