Table 3.
Logistic regression predicting the probability of farm households experiencing medical economic vulnerability
| Model 1: objective measure | Model 2: subjective measure | Model 3: subjective measure | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Have debt over $1000 | Not confident that can pay for major health expenses without going into debt | Not confident that can pay for major health expenses without going into debt with holding debt constant | |||||||
| Coefficient (standard error) | OR | p | Coefficient (standard error) | OR | p | Coefficient (standard error) | OR | p | |
Health insurance arrangements ( ) |
|||||||||
| Coverage for all household members all year | − 0.41 (0.39) | 0.66 | 0.289 | − 0.93 (0.39) | 0.39 | 0.017 | − 0.89 (0.38) | 0.41 | 0.020 |
| Medical debt over $1000 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.42 (0.17) | 1.53 | 0.013 |
| Source of health insurance (vs. not) | |||||||||
| Off-farm employment | − 0.35 (0.32) | 0.70 | 0.274 | − 0.17 (0.20) | 0.84 | 0.383 | − 0.15 (0.19) | 0.86 | 0.435 |
| Direct purchase of private plan | − 0.05 (0.22) | 0.96 | 0.834 | 0.13 (0.21) | 1.14 | 0.539 | 0.13 (0.21) | 1.14 | 0.533 |
| Age-based public health insurance | − 0.50 (0.31) | 0.61 | 0.104 | 0.12 (0.23) | 1.13 | 0.600 | 0.15 (0.23) | 1.16 | 0.512 |
| Means-based public health insurance | 0.51 (0.29) | 1.67 | 0.079 | 0.35 (0.18) | 1.42 | 0.051 | 0.31 (0.18) | 1.36 | 0.093 |
| Farm Bureau or Farmers' Union | 0.11 (0.36) | 1.12 | 0.757 | 0.27 (0.36) | 1.31 | 0.457 | 0.26 (0.35) | 1.30 | 0.454 |
| All household has same plan | − 0.66 (0.27) | 0.52 | 0.014 | 0.41 (0.13) | 1.50 | 0.002 | 0.45 (0.13) | 1.57 | 0.000 |
| Monthly insurance premium | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.00 | 0.123 | − 0.00 (0.00) | 1.00 | 0.671 | − 0.00 (0.00) | 1.00 | 0.621 |
| Health insurance deductible (vs. none) | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.000 | ||||||
| $1 to $1999 | 0.12 (0.45) | 1.13 | 0.786 | 0.43 (0.30) | 1.54 | 0.153 | 0.41 (0.31) | 1.51 | 0.175 |
| $2000 to $5000 | 0.79 (0.45) | 2.21 | 0.043 | 0.91 (0.29) | 2.49 | 0.002 | 0.85 (0.29) | 2.35 | 0.003 |
| More than $5000 | 0.53 (0.36) | 1.70 | 0.143 | 1.21 (0.38) | 3.37 | 0.001 | 1.17 (0.38) | 3.23 | 0.002 |
| Out-of-pocket expenses (vs. up to $999) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
| $1000 to $2999 | − 0.15 (0.22) | 0.86 | 0.508 | − 0.23 (0.15) | 0.80 | 0.133 | − 0.21 (0.15) | 0.81 | 0.141 |
| $3000 to $4999 | 0.55 (0.17) | 1.74 | 0.002 | 0.31 (0.15) | 1.37 | 0.043 | 0.29 (0.16) | 1.34 | 0.075 |
| $5000 and over | 0.95 (0.16) | 2.58 | 0.000 | − 0.07 (0.17) | 0.93 | 0.676 | − 0.13 (0.18) | 0.88 | 0.474 |
| Health savings account | − 0.67 (0.20) | 0.51 | 0.001 | − 0.42 (0.42) | 0.65 | 0.317 | − 0.38 (0.41) | 0.69 | 0.358 |
| Flexible spending account | 0.60 (0.21) | 1.83 | 0.005 | − 0.10 (0.39) | 0.91 | 0.799 | − 0.14 (0.40) | 0.87 | 0.732 |
Individual ( ) and farm household ( ) |
|||||||||
| Pre-existing or chronic condition | 0.46 (0.13) | 1.59 | 0.000 | 0.29 (0.13) | 1.34 | 0.025 | 0.27 (0.13) | 1.31 | 0.033 |
| Age of respondent | 0.03 (0.01) | 1.03 | 0.016 | − 0.05 (0.01) | 0.95 | 0.000 | − 0.05 (0.01) | 0.95 | 0.000 |
| Children under 18 | 0.49 (0.21) | 1.63 | 0.029 | − 0.07 (0.20) | 0.93 | 0.713 | − 0.10 (0.21) | 0.91 | 0.641 |
| White, non-Hispanic/Latino | 0.34 (0.54) | 1.40 | 0.537 | − 0.52 (0.28) | 0.59 | 0.058 | − 0.54 (0.27) | 0.58 | 0.041 |
| Female | 0.22 (0.18) | 1.25 | 0.214 | 0.09 (0.15) | 1.10 | 0.564 | 0.07 (0.15) | 1.01 | 0.620 |
| Education (vs. high school or less) | 0.002 | 0.028 | 0.054 | ||||||
| Some college | 0.39 (0.14) | 1.47 | 0.005 | 0.18 (0.14) | 1.20 | 0.187 | 0.14 (0.14) | 1.17 | 0.271 |
| Bachelor's degree and higher | − 0.00 (0.14) | 1.00 | 0.976 | − 0.31 (0.20) | 0.74 | 0.125 | − 0.31 (0.20) | 0.74 | 0.127 |
| Off-farm job | 0.12 (0.28) | 1.13 | 0.674 | 0.04 (0.13) | 1.04 | 0.736 | 0.03 (0.11) | 1.03 | 0.783 |
| Beginning farmer | 0.44 (0.34) | 1.55 | 0.199 | − 0.45 (0.22) | 0.64 | 0.040 | − 0.47 (0.22) | 0.62 | 0.030 |
Farm operation ( ) |
|||||||||
| Multi-generational farmer | − 0.16 (0.21) | 0.85 | 0.458 | 0.32 (0.18) | 1.4 | 0.070 | 0.33 (0.17) | 1.39 | 0.054 |
| Farm sales (vs. small) | 0.115 | 0.002 | 0.005 | ||||||
| Medium | − 0.34 (0.29) | 0.71 | 0.233 | − 0.26 (0.22) | 0.77 | 0.221 | − 0.24 (0.23) | 0.78 | 0.272 |
| Large | − 0.43 (0.25) | 0.65 | 0.084 | − 0.43 (0.12) | 0.65 | 0.001 | − 0.41 (0.13) | 0.66 | 0.002 |
| Commodity produced (vs. not) | |||||||||
| Grain | − 0.21 (0.26) | 0.81 | 0.422 | 0.15 (0.20) | 1.16 | 0.453 | 0.17 (0.20) | 1.19 | 0.414 |
| Livestock | − 0.16 (0.25) | 0.85 | 0.524 | 0.16 (0.25) | 1.17 | 0.531 | 0.17 (0.25) | 1.18 | 0.484 |
| Dairy | 0.42 (0.48) | 1.52 | 0.383 | 0.56 (0.19) | 1.74 | 0.004 | 0.54 (0.19) | 1.72 | 0.004 |
| Fruits and vegetables | 0.43 (0.33) | 1.54 | 0.191 | − 0.02 (0.18) | 0.98 | 0.919 | − 0.04 (0.18) | 0.96 | 0.835 |
Health insurance and labor market ( ) environments |
|||||||||
| State expanded Medicaid | − 0.46 (0.34) | 0.63 | 0.175 | − 0.33 (0.22) | 0.72 | 0.145 | − 0.30 (0.21) | 0.74 | 0.150 |
| Number insurers on marketplace | 0.01 (0.04) | 1.01 | 0.877 | 0.04 (0.02) | 1.04 | 0.080 | 0.04 (0.02) | 1.04 | 0.079 |
| Unemployment rate | 0.05 (0.05) | 1.05 | 0.284 | − 0.01 (0.03) | 1.00 | 0.802 | − 0.01 (0.03) | 0.99 | 0.717 |
| Constant | − 3.47 (1.18) | 0.03 | 0.003 | 3.07 (0.92) | 21.52 | 0.001 | 3.08 (0.91) | 21.78 | 0.001 |
| Model F-test | F (36, 5574.9) = 48.81 | F (35, 4445.5) = 97.80 | F (36, 4434.1) = 90.43 | ||||||
| Model p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 7.7 | 11.3 | 11.7 | ||||||