. 2022 Aug 5;13:945552. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.945552

TABLE 1.

Differences in endurance indicators between groups.

Variable	Professional	U23	Junior	Main p-value	ES Prof vs. U23	ES Prof vs. junior	ES U23 vs. junior
8-min TT (W)	396 ± 34	365 ± 29	322 ± 35	<0.001***	0.981*	2.144***	1.337**
8-min TT (W/kg)	6.06 ± 0.30	5.68 ± 0.44	5.30 ± 0.30	<0.001***	1.009*	2.533***	1.009*
PPO (W)	478 ± 37	446 ± 35	403 ± 41	<0.001***	0.888*	1.920***	1.128**
Relative PPO (W/kg)	7.31 ± 0.34	6.94 ± 0.44	6.64 ± 0.34	<0.001***	0.941*	1.970***	0.762
VO_2max (L/min)	5.49 ± 0.43	5.22 ± 0.47	4.62 ± 0.56	<0.001***	0.599	1.742***	1.160**
Relative VO_2max (ml/kg/min)	82.64 ± 3.54	79.79 ± 4.92	74.54 ± 3.55	<0.001***	0.664	2.284***	1.223**
Relative VO_2max (ml/kg MM/min)	95.28 ± 4.67	94.21 ± 5.09	88.24 ± 5.88	0.002**	0.219	1.325**	1.085**
PO at RCP (W)	414 ± 37	392 ± 40	339 ± 35	<0.001***	0.570	2.082***	1.410**
Relative PO at RCP (W/kg)	6.34 ± 0.30	6.10 ± 0.58	5.59 ± 0.49	0.001**	0.519	1.846***	0.949**
VO₂ at RCP (%VO_2max)	95.22 ± 2.87	95.90 ± 2.49	93.36 ± 2.07	0.018*	0.253	0.743	1.109*
PO at VT (W)	315 ± 34	266 ± 68	245 ± 27	<0.001***	0.911***	2.280***	0.405
Relative PO at VT (W/kg)	4.81 ± 0.37	4.15 ± 0.38	4.05 ± 0.42	<0.001***	1.759***	1.920***	0.249
VO₂ at VT (%VO_2max)	75.20 ± 4.57	70.55 ± 5.26	73.68 ± 6.05	0.031*	0.943*	0.283	0.552

Abbreviations: ES, effect size (Cohen’s d); PO, power output; PPO, peak power output; RCP, respiratory compensatory threshold; VO2max, peak oxygen uptake; MM, muscle mass; VT, ventilatory threshold. Significant differences: ^* p < 0.05;^** p < 0.01;^*** p < 0.001.